Chemistry Terms 1
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| absolute sero | The lowest possible temperature, written as 0 Kelvin or -273 degrees celsius
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| accuracy | The closeness of a measurement to an accepted value
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| activated Complex | The intermediate statebetween reactants and products in a chemical reaction; the peak of the potential energy diagram
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| addition polymerization | The joining of unsaturated monomers by a series of addition reactions.
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| addition reaction | The process in which a substance reacts across a double or triple bond in an organic compound.
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| alcohol | An organic compound containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group.
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| aldehyde | An organic compund containing a carbonyl group with at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon.
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| alkali metal | Any group 1 element, excluding hydrogen.
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| alkaline earth element | Any group 2 element.
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| alkane | A hydrocarbon containing only single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms.
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| alkene | A hydrocarbon containing one double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms.
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| alkyl group | An open-chained hydrocarbon less one hydrogen atom; for example, CH3=methyl group, C2H5=ethyl group. Unspecified alkyl groups are designed by the letter R.
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| alkyne | A hydrocarbon containing one triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms.
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| allotrope | A specific form of an element that can exist in more than one form; graphite and diamond are allotropes of the element carbon.
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| alloy | A solid metallic solution.
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| alpha decay | The radioactive process in which an alpha particle is emitted.
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| alpha particle | A helium-4 particle.
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| amide | An organic compound containing the CONH2 functional group.
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| amine | A hydrocarbon derivative containing an amino group.
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| amino acid | An organic compound containing an amino group.
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| anhydrous | Pertaining to a compound from which the water of crystallization has been removed.
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| anode | The electrode at which oxidation occurs.
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| aqueous | Pertaining to a solution in which water is the solvent.
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| aromatic hydrocarbon | Any ring hydrocarbon whose electronic structure is related to that of benzene.
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| arrenhius acid | Any substance that releases H+ ions in water.
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| arrenhius base | Any substance that releases OH- ions in the water.
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| atmospheric pressure | 1 standard atmospheric (atm)= 101.3 kilopascals.
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| atom | The basic unit of an element.
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| atomic mass | The weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element.
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| atomic mass unit (u) | One-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
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| atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; the atomic number defines the element.
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| atomic radius | A measure of the size of an atom.
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| Avogadro's hypothesis | Equal volumes of gases, measured at the same temperature and pressure, contain equal numbers of particles.
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| Avogadro's numbers | The number of particles in 1 mole; 6.02 x 10^23.
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| battery | A commercial Voltaic cell.
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| benzene | C6H6; the parent hydrocarbon of all aromatic compounds.
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| beta decay | The radioactive process in which a beta particle is emitted.
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| beta (-) particle | An electron.
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| beta (+) particle | A positron.
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| binary compound | A compound containing two elements.
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| binding energy | The energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its nucleus.
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| boiling | The transition of liquid to gas; boiling occurs when the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure above the liquid.
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| boiling point | The temperature at which boiling occurs; the temperture at which liquid and vapor phases of a substance are in equilibrium.
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| boiling point elevation | The increase in the boiling point of a solvent due to the presence of solute particles.
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| bond energy | The energy needed to break a chemical bond.
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| Boyle's law | At constant temperature and mass, the pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to it's volume; P1V1=P2V2.
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| breeder reactor | A fission reactor that generates it's own nuclear fuel.
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| bright-line spectrum | The lines of visible light emitted by elements as electrons fall to lower energy levels.
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| Bronsted-Lowry acid | A substance that can donate H+ ions.
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| Bronsted Lowry-base | A substance that can accept H+ ions.
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| carbonyl group | The functional group characteristic of aldehydes and ketones; C=O.
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| carboxyl group | The functional group characteristics of organic acids; -COOH.
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| catalyst | A substance that speeds a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction.
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| cathode | The electrode at which reduction occurs.
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| celsius (C) scale | The temperature scale on which the freezing and boiling points of water (at 1 atm) are set at 0 and 100, respectively.
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| chain reaction | A chemical or nuclear reaction in which one step supplies energy or reactants for the next step.
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| Charles's law | At constant pressure and mass, the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. V1/t1=V2/T2
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| chemical bond | The stabilizing of two atoms by sharing or transferring electrons.
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| chemical equation | A shorthand listing of reactants, products and molar quantities in a chemical reaction.
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| chemical equilibrium | The state in which the rates of the forward reaction and reverse reaction are equal.
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| coefficient | A number in a chemical reaction that indicates how many particles of a reactant or product are required or formed in the reaction.
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| colligative property | A property that depends on the number of particles present rather than the type of particle.
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| combined (ideal) gas law | At constant mass, the products of the pressure and volume divided by the Kelvin temperature is constant; P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2.
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| compound | A combination of two or more elements with a fixed quantity of solute.
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| concentrated | Pertaining to a solution that contains a relatively large quantity of solute.
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| concentration | The "strength" of a solution; the quantity of solute relative to the quantity of solvent.
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| condensation | The change from gas to liquid.
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| condensation polymerization | The joining of monomers by a series of dehydration reactions.
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| condensation polymerization | The joining of monomers by a series of dehydration reactions.
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| control rod | The part of a fission reactor that controls the rate of fission by absorbing neutrons.
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| coordinate covalent bond | A single covalent bond in which the pair of electrons is supplied by one atom.
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| covalent bond | A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons. Between nonmetals to nonmetals.
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| cracking | The process of breaking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones in order to increase yield of compounds such as gasoline.
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| crystal | A solid whose particles are arraged in a regulary repeating pattern.
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| decomposition | A reaction in which a compound forms two or more simpler substances.
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| density | Mass per unit volume; d=m/v.
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| deposition | The direct transition from gas to solid.
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| deuterium | The isotope of hydrogen with a mass number of 2.
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| diatomic molecule | A neutral particle consisting of two atoms; Br2 and CO are diatomic molecules.
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| diffusion | The movement of one substance through another.
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| dihydroxy alcohol | An organic compound with two hydroxyl groups.
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| dilute | (adj)Pertaining to a solution that contains a realtively small quantity of solute; (verb) to reduce the concentration of a solution by adding solvent.
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| dipole | An unsymmetrical charge distribution in a neutral molecule.
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| dipole-dipole attraction | The attractive force between two oppositely charged dipoles of neighboring polar molecules.
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| dissociation | The seperation of an ionic compound in a solution into positive and negative ions.
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| distillation | The simultaneous boiling of a liquid and condensation of it's vapor.
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| double bond | A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two adjacent atoms.
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| ductility | The property of a substance that allows it to be drawn into a wire; metallic substances possess ductility.
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| dynamic equilibrium | The state in which the rates of opposing processes are equal.
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| electrochemical cell | A device that produces usable electrical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction.
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| electrode | A conductor in a electrochemical or electrolytic cell that serves as the site of oxidation or reduction.
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| electrolysis | A nonspontaneous redox reaction driven by an external source of electricity.
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| electrolyte | A substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity.
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| electrolytic cell | A device for carrying out electrolysis.
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| electron | The elementary unit of negative charge.
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| electronegativity | The measure of an atom's attraction for a bonded pair of electrons.
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| electroplating | The use of an electric current to deposit a layer of metal on a negatively charged object.
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| element | A substance all of whose atoms have the same atomic number.
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| empirical formula | A formula in which the elements are present in the smallest whole-number ratio; NO2 is a empirical formula, C2H4 is not.
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| endothermic reaction | A reaction that absorbs energyp; delta H is positive for an endothermic reaction.
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| end point | The point in a titration that signals that equilvalent quantities of reactions have been added.
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| energy | A quantity related to an object's capacity to do work.
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| enthalpy change (delta H) | The heat energy absorbed or released by a system at constant pressure.
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| entropy (S) | The measure of the randomness or disorder of a system.
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| entropy change (delta S) | An increase or decrease in the randomness of a system.
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| ester | The organic product of esterficaiton.
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| esterification | The reaction of an acid with an alcohol to produce an ester and water.
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| ethanoic acid | CH3COOH; acetic acid.
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| ethanol | CH3CH2OH; ethyl (grain) alcohol.
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| ethene | C2H4; ethylene; the partner of the alkene family of hydrocarbons.
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| ether | An organic compound containing the arrangement R-O-R.
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| ethyne | C2H2; acetylene; the parent of the alkyne family of hydrocarbons.
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| evaporation | The surface transition of liquid to gass
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| excted state | A condition in which one or more electrons in an atom are no longer in the lowest possible energy state.
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| exothermic reaction | A reaction that releases energy; delta H is negative for an exothermic reaction.
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| fermentation | The (anaerobic) oxidation of a sigar such as glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide; the reaction is catalyzed by enzymes.
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| filtration | A method of seperating liquid from the particles suspended in it.
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| first ionization energy | The quantity of energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from an isolated neutral atom.
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| fission | A nuclear reaction in which a heavy nuclide splits to form lighter nuclides and energy.
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| fission reactor | A device for producing electrical energy by means of a controlled fission reaction.
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| formula mass | The sum of the masses of the atoms in a formula; units are atomic mass units (u) or grams per mole (g/mol).
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| fractional distillation | The seperation of organic substances based on differences in their boiling points.
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| freezing | The transition from liquid to solid.
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| freezing point | The temperature at which freezing occurs.
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| freezing point depression (lowering) | The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent due to the presence of solute particles.
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| fuel rod | The part of a nuclear reactor that contains the fissionable material.
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| functional group | An atom or a group of atoms that confers specific properties on a organic molecule.
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| fusion | A synonym for melting; also, a nuclear process in which light nuclides join to form heavier nuclides and produce radiant energy.
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| fusion reactor | An experimental device for producing a controlled fusion reaction and generating electrical energy from it.
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| gas | The phase in which matter has neither definite shape nor definite volume.
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| gram-atomic mass | The molar mass of an element expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).
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| gram-molecular mass | The molar mass of a molecule.
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| ground state | The electron configuration of an atom in the lowest energy state.
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| group | The elements within a single vertical column of the Periodic Table.
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| half-cell | The pary of an electrochemical cell in which oxidation or reduction occurs.
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| half-life | The time needed for a substance to decay to one-half its initial mass.
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| half-reaction | The oxidation or reduction portion of a redox reaction.
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| halogen | An element in Group 17of the Periodic Tablep; F, Cl, Br, I.
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| heat energy | The energy released or absorbed by a system undergoing a change in temperature, in phase, or in composition.
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| heat of fusion | The heat energy absorbed when a unit mass of liquid changes to gas at its boiling point.
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| heat of reaction | The heat absorbed when or released as a result of a chemical reaction.
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| heat of vaporization | The heat energy absorbed when a unit mass of liquad changes to a gas at it's boiling point.
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| heavy water | A molecule of water in which the hydrogen atoms have a mass number of 2; deuterium oxide.
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| heterogeneous mixture | A nonuniform mixture.
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| homogeneous mixture | A mixture with a uniform distribution of particles; a solution is one example.
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| homologous series | A group of organic compounds with related structures and properties; each successive member of the series differs from the onw before it by a specific number of carbon and hydrogen atoms (usually CH2.
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| hydrate | A crystalline compound that has water molecules incorporated into it's crystal structure; common examples include CuSO4 5H2O and Na2SO4 * 10H2O.
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| hyrdration | The associationof water molecules with an ion or another molecule.
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| hydride | A binary compund of an active metal and hydrogen; the molecule.
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| hydrocarbon | An organic compound composed of carbon and hydrogen.
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| hydrogen bond | An unusually strong intermolecular attraction the results when hydrogen is bonded to a small, highly electronegative atome such a F,O or N. H-FON.
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| hydrolysis | A reaction in which a water molecule breaks a chemical bond; the reaction between certain salts and water to produce an excess of hydronium or hydroxide.
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| hydronium ion | H3O+; the conjugate acid of H2O; responsible for acidic properties in water solutions.
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| hydroxide ion | OH-; the conjugate base of H2O; responsible for basic properties in water solutions.
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| ideal gas | A model of gas in which the particles have no volume, do not attract or repel each other, and collide without the loss of energy; real gases approximate ideal gas behavior under conditions of low pressure and high temperature.
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| ideal gas law | The relationship obeyed by an ideal gas.
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| indicator | A substance that undergoes a color chane to signal a change in chemical conditions; acid-base indicators change color over specified pH ranges.
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| inert (noble) gas | An element in Group 18 of the Periodic Table; Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn.
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| inorganic compound | A compound that is not a hydrocarbon derivative.
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| ion | A particle in which the numbers of the protons and electrons are not equal.
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| ion-dipole attraction | The attractive force between an ion and the oppositely charged dipole of a neighboring polar molecule.
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| ionic bond | The electrostatic attraction of positive and negative ions in an ionic compound.
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