Chem 110-Chapter 7
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Barometer | A device used to measure atmospheric pressure.
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Boiling | A form of evaporation where conversion from the liquid state to the vapor state occurs within the body of the liquid through bubble formation.
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Boiling Point | The temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the external atmospheric pressure exerted on the liquid.
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Boyle's Law | The volume of a fixed amount of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure applied to the gas if the temperature is kept constant.
(P1/P2)=(V2/V1)
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Change of State | A process in which a substance is changed from one physical state to another physical state.
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Charles' Law | The volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature if the pressure is kept constant.
***Always use Kelvin (add 273 to C)
(T1/T2)=(V1/V2)
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Combined Gas Law | A measure of the change in volume in a sample of matter resulting from a pressure change.
(P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2)
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Compressibility | A measure of the change in volume in a sample of matter resulting from a pressure change.
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure | The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases present.
(Ptotal)=P1+P2+P3+...
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Dipole-Dipole Interaction | An intermolecular force that occurs between polar molecules. (Attraction between polar molecules)
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Electrostatic Interaction | An attraction or repulsion that occurs between charged particles.
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Endothermic Change of State | A change of state in which heat energy is absorbed.
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Equilibrium | A condition in which two opposite processes take place at the same rate.
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Evaporation | The process in which molecules escape from the liquid phase to the gas phase.
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Exothermic Change of State | A change of state in which heat energy is given off.
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Gas | The physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume; the physical state characterized by a complete dominance of kinetic energy (disruptive forces) over potential energy (cohesive forces).
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Gas Law | A generalization that describes in mathematical terms the relationships among the amount, pressure, temperature, and volume of a gas.
(P1V1/T1)=(P2V2/T2)
P2=(P1V1/T1)(T2/V2)
V2=(P1V1/T1)(T2/P2)
T2=(T1/P1V1)(P2V2)
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Hydrogen Bond | An extra strong dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a small, very electronegative element (F,O, or N) and a lone pair of electrons on another small, very electronegative element (F,O, or N).
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Ideal Gas Law | A general mathematical expression relating pressure, temperature, volume, and amounth for a gas.
(pV=nRT) or (pV/nT)=R
R=ideal gas CONSTANT
-0.0821 L.atm/mol.k
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Intermolecular Force | An attractive force that acts between a molecule and another molecule.
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Kinetic Energy | Energy that matter possesses because of particle motion.
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Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter (KMT) | A set of five statements that are esed to explain the physical behavior of the three states of matter (solids, liquids, and gases).
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Liquid | The physical state characterized by an indefinite shape and a definite volume; the physical state characterized by potential energy (cohesive forces) and kinetic energy (disruptive forces) of about the same magnitude.
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London Force | A weak temporary intermolecular force that occurs.
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Normal Boiling Point | The temperature at which liquid boils when under a pressure of 760 mm Hg.
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Partial Pressure | The pressure that a gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were present alone under the same conditions.
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Potential Energy | Stored energy that matter possesses as a result of its position, condition, and/or chemical composition.
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Pressure | The force applied per unit area on an object; the force on a surface divided by the area of that surface.
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Solid | The physical state characterized by a definite shape and a definite volume; the physical state characterized by a dominance of potential energy (cohesive forces) over kinetic energy (disruptive forces).
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Thermal Expansion | A measure of the change in volume of a sample of matter resulting from a temperature change.
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Vapor | A gas that exists at a temperature and pressure at which it would ordinarily be thought of as a liquid or a solid.
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Vapor Pressure | The pressure exerted by a vapor above a liquid when the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium with each other.
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Volatile Substance | A substance that readily evaporates at room temperature because of a high vapor pressure.
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Four Important Gas Variables | 1. n=number of moles
->n=mass/MM
2. T=temperature; must be in KELVIN
->K=C+273
3. V=volume, usually measured in Liters
->1000 mL= 1 L
4. P=pressure=force/area
->1 atm=760 mm Hg= 760 tor
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Directly Proportional | If the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable also increases.
(A1/A2)=(B1/B2)
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Inversely Proportional | If the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases.
(A1/A2)=(B2/B1)
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