criminology
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| What is the formal definition of criminology | The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon
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| What aspects does criminology contain | making of laws
the breaking of laws
reacting to the breaking of laws
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| Criminology's goal is scientific: | to develop a body of general and verified principles and knowledge regarding law, crime and treatment
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| Why should we understand crime | to better understand crime, criminal behaviour and societys response to it.
to reduce crime we must understand it
crime affects everyone, directly or indirectly- victims, taxpayers and employees
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| What are the consequences of the media's misrepresentation? | It influences public perceptions, television violence may contribute to crime, tv coverage does not examine the social and structural reason behind crime
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| How does the media influence public perception | how much crime really happens in society?
should we be afraid of crime as we are?
Do we need to be tough on crime, in general or touch on certain crimes
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| The discipline of criminology has six major ares | The definition of crime and criminals
the origions and role of the law
the social distribution of crime
the causation of crime
patterns of criminal behaviour
societal reactions to crime
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| The origions and role of the law help us : | understand why certain acts are considered criminal
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| What is a crime | -harmful acts are considered harms against society as a whole
the state is responsible for enforcing and prosecuting those who commit these harmful acts
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| Legal definition of crim | a crime is an act that violates criminal law and is punishable.
in canada, crimes are defined by the criminal code
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| Hagen's (1985) continuum of crime and deviance | not all things are harmful are criminal, not all crimes are harmful
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| Hagan: crime and deviance should be considered as a continumm from most serious to least serious acts, based on 3 dimensions | 1. the degree of consensus that an act is wrong
the severity of scoietys response to the act
the amount of h caused by the act
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| crime is socially defined | the seperation of crime from other kinds of deviance is a social and politcal phenomenon
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| crime as a socual construct | there are no universally condemned acts
deviance involves the violation of a rule or regulation or law
there is nothing inherent in any othat makes it unlawful
rules can change
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| consensus theory | criminal laws represent a consensus within a society about what acts should be prohibited
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| laws are a codification of _____ shared by most members of sociery | values
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| How is the consensus theory supported | by polls indicating there is a broad agreement about many laws and the seriousness of various criminal offenses
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| What do conflict theorists reject | the idea that laws reflect a consensus in society
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| class conflict theorists see | law as a tool used by the ruling class to maintain their privileged prosition by keeping common people under control
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| Laws are the resuly of a political process, which involves confluct between | different interest groups
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| what is criminiolgy | the body of knowledge regarding crine as a social phenomenon
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| objective of criminolgy | to develop a body of principles regarding this process of law, crime and treatent
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| Controversies over counting crime (4) | inquiry- how can we obtain reliable and valid date
reliability- how consistant are the results
validity- does the tool actually measure crime
methodolgy- need to critically examine the methods use to count crime
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| How many break and enters estimated in 2009 | 640,000
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| How many break and enters were reported in 2009 | 54 percet
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| How many people statistically are charged for break and enter | for every 17 offences that occur, one person is charged
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| How many people are statistically convicted | for about every 56 offences that occur, 1 person is convicted
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| How many people are statistically sentenced | for about every 122 offenses that occur, 1 person is sentenenced into custody
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| What are four points of misuse of statistics and theories of crime | theories and facts are mutually dependent
theory without fact is ideoology
Facts without theory is implicit ideology
Statistics without theory is numerology
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| It is important to critically analyze crime statistics for ther ___and __ | validity and reliability
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| cjs produces an enormous amount of data which includes | Police reports and records, court decisions, administrative records of prisons and penetenteraties, decisions of parole and probation officals
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| To change records into statistics we need to consider issues such as | units of count ( what is being counted)
level of aggregation ( how to combine data)
definitions ( how to define what is being counted)
data elements( what info is being collected)
counting procedures ( how to count units and elements
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| What is the dark figure of crime | crime that remains unreported, unrecorded, largely unknown
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| Three dominant ways to count crime or describe crime patterns and trends | official police reported statistics
victimization surveys
self report studies
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| What is the goal of ucr | to provide uniform and comparable national statistics
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| Two versions that are used by the ucr to provide uniform and comparabkle national statistics | UCR Aggregate survey- collects summary data for 100 seperate criminal offences
UCR Incidence based survey- collects detailed inofo on each incident, victems and accused
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| UCR aggregate data presented as crime rate | crime rate expressed as number of criminal incidents for every 100,000 canadians
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| The use of crime rate expressed as number of criminal incidents for evefy 100, 000 canadians: | allows for comparisons between jurisdictions or over time
is not influenced by differences in population size between jurisdictions or changes in popularion size in one jurisdiction
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| 2/4 points of the crime severity index | addresses the matter of the crime rate being driven by high volumes of less serious offences
csi calculated by having each offence assigned a weight derived from sentences given by the criminal courts
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| 2/4 points of the crime severity index | the more serious the average sentence, the greater the weight
the more serious offences have a greater impact on the severity index
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| What is a victimization survey | a sample of people are asked by a questionnaire survey, whether they have been a crime victim.
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| What ist he benefit of victimization surveys | caputres many cries not included in ucr
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| What is the percentage of respondants who reported being a victim of a crime in the last 12 months-2009 | 25 percent
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| What is the percentage of the non violent offences found by the victimization survey-2009 | 70 perent
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| According to the victimization survey 2009-what percentage of people who have been victimized reported it to the police | 31 percent
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| When were victimation rates stable- according to the 2009 vicitmization survey | 2004-2009
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| Where are violent crime rates and household vicimizations higher-according to the victimization survey 2009 | in western canada
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| Self report studies involve what | asking the criminals what they do and how often they commit a crime
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| What is a correlate | a phenomenon that accompanies another phenomanon and is related in some way to it
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| correlates of crime | variables that are connected with crime
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| six socio-demographic variables of offenders that correlate with crine | age, gender, ethno-racial background, socioeconomic status, spatial location of offences, places
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| Age as a correlate of criminal behaviour- which age correlates most with criminal behaviour | 18
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| What age least correlates with criminal behaviour | People in their 60's
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| Cases completed in adult criminal court by age group- what age grouphas the most cases completed | 18-24 -30 percent
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| cases completed in adult criminal court by age group-what age has the least cases completed | 55-89 -6 cases
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| What is maturational reform | people are less likely to commit crime as they grow older- young people generally have less commitment to social values
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| three factors that contribute to maturational reform | physiological limitations
social bonds
social responsibility
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| In canada 2011/2012 males made up up how many accused in sexual assaults, weapons offences and accused of homicide | sexual assaults-98 pecent
weapons offences-91
accused of homocide-89
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| In canada 2001/2012 males made up of wat percent of defendents in adult criminal court, admissons to adult correctional services | defendents-81
admissions-85
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| Women are less likely involved in crime. Daly describes 5 pathways for womens involvment in crime, which includes: | harmed and harming women
battered women
street women
drug connected women
other women
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| Role convergence hypothesis | as the work roles become similar to men , so will their involvment in crime- not supported by rsearch
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| Increase in females committing minor property offences may reflect the: | feminization of poverty
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| Race is not as strongly related to crime as: | age and gender
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| Some minorty groups are overrepresented in polive reported crime statistics in canada In the praries which minority is over represented | aborigionals
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| Which minority group is over representated in toronto and nova cotia | african canadians
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| What are the two explanations of overrepresentation of minorites in the CJS | 1. Differential offending hypothesis
2. Differential treatment hypothesis
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| What is the differential offending hypothesis | there is a difference between racial groups in termsof the incidence, level of seriousness and persistence of offending patterns
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| What is the differential treatment hypothesis | structural inequality in the administration of justice is responsible for overrepresentation
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| Aborigional people are overrepresented in the criminal justice sysyem- they make up __ of the canadian population | 4 percent
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| Cultural theories of aboriginals include: | aboriginal cultures are inherently violent
aboriginal cultures are different from euro canadian in content or manner of expression; this predisposes them to conflict with the law
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| Structural theories | colonial model, historic trauma transmission model
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| what is the colonial model | aborigional society colonized by euro canadians, which had devestating psycological and social consequences -
critical race theory
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| What is the historic transmission model | acculturation produces learned helplessness( fatalism)-leaves to self blame, passivity, hostile behaviour, decreased sense f self
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| What is the critical race theory | CJS reflects dominant groups norms and values and favors that group. enforcement and interpretation of the law is subjective-
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| Aborigional people are overrepresented in the cjs because of what | their exclusion from mainstream society
overpoliving and harsh sentences
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| What is the percentage of inmates who enter custody with substangabuse issues ` | 70 percent of inmates, 50 percent of federal inmates
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| Low socioeconomic status is a catalyst for delinquency because it causes | alientation, financial strain and agression
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| High socio econimic status promotes delinquency by | reducing bonds to conventional values while increasing social power and risk taking behaviours
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| Which country has the highest violent crime rate among high income countries | usa
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| Canada has a low rate of violence in compared to the ___ but it is high compared to ___ and ____ | us, europe and scandanavia
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| In 2013 the province with the most and least non violent crime severity index | most-northwest territories
least-ontario
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| In 2013 the provinvev with the most and least violent crime | most-nunavut
least-prince edward island
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| In 2013 the province with the most and least crime severity | most-northwest territories
least-ontario
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| True or false - violent juveline behaviour declines when a family moves to wealthier neighbourhood | true
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| Crime and violence are higher or lower in poor neighborhoods | higher
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