A cumulative run through physics in Radiology
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| What are the three basic parts of the x-ray imaging system | Operating Console, X-Ray Tube and High Voltage Generator
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| A line compensator ensures that what remains constantly delivered to the imaging system | Voltage
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| What two separate circuits is the autotransformer used to supply power to | High voltage and filament circuits
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| The process of heating the x-ray tube filament so that electrons can be boiled off is know as what | thermionic Emission
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| Filaments normally operate at currents of how many amps | 3 to 6
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| Examination tables are made of what strong, radiolucent material | Carbon Fiber
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| The x-ray tube current is controlled by what circuit | Filament
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| If an autotransformer moves from 1500 windings to 800 windings, what type of transformer is it | Step-Down
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| What are the three basic parts of the high-voltage generator | High Voltage Transformer, Filament Transformer and Rectifiers
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| Rectification is accomplished with the use of what | Diodes
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| Does half-wave rectification require half the exposure time as full-wave rectification | No
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| Is the x-ray tube a type of diode | Yes
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| A three-phase twelve-pulse power has how much voltage ripple | 4%
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| A three-phase, six-pulse power has how much voltage ripple | 14%
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| A high-frequency generator has how much voltage ripple | 1%
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| A single-phase power has how much voltage ripple | 100%
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| What are the five types of exposure timers | Manual, Mechanical, Synchronous, AEC and Electronic
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| Which exposure timer uses an ionization chamber to terminate exposure | AEC
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| Name the parts of the x-ray tube | Supporting wires, Focusing Cup, Filament, Window, Rotating Anode, Stater Coils, Target, Roter and Glass Envelope
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| What device is used to check exposure timers for accuracy | Solid State Radiation Detector
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| Which exposure timer is based on the frequency of AC supplied to the imaging system | Synchronous
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| Using a single-phase power, half-wave rectification results in how many x-ray pulses each second | 60
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| Using single-phase power, full wave rectification results in how many x-ray pulses each second | 120
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| Thermionic emission produces a cloud of electrons around the filament known as what | Space Charge
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| The main advantage of a rotating anode over a stationary anode is what | Better Heat Distribution
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| Once the filament current is high enough for thermionic emission, a small/large rise in filament current results in a small/large rise in tube current | Small, Large
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| When imaging x-table lateral spines, one should use which focal spot | Large
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| The anode serves three functions in an x-ray tube, what are they | Electrical Conductor, Mechanical Support and Thermal Dissipator
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| X-ray tubes in mammography have targets made of either what two materials | Rhodium and Molybdenum
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| The anode of a high-capacity tube rotates at how many RPM's | 3400 and 10000 rpm
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| The rotating anode is powered by what | Electromagnetic Induction Motor
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| What are the characteristics that make tungsten a good selection for target material | High atomic number, Thermal conductivity and High melting point
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| Leakage radiation must be less than how many mR/hr at 1 meter | 100
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| The protective housing may contain oil which serves two functions, what are they | Insulator and Thermal Cushion
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| The x-ray tube enclosure may be made of what two materials | Glass(Pyrex) or Metal
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| What is the melting point of tungsten | 3410oC
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| What element is added to tungsten to increase the efficiency of the filament | Thorium
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| The cathode is the negative side of the x-ray tube and contains what two primary parts | Focusing Cup and Filament
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| X-rays emitted through the window are called what | Useful or Primary Beam
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| The focusing cup sustains what type of charge | Negative
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| The x-ray tube is: a vacuum tube, a type of transistor, or a diode | A vacuum tube and a diode
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| Target angles may vary from what to what degrees | 5 to 20
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| The heel effect results in less radiation on which side of the x-ray beam | Anode
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| Should one use the maximum technique in order to warm a cold anode | No
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| What are two causes of tube failure | Too much technique on a cold tube(overheats) and arching effect due to vaporized tungsten
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| The line-focus principle results in which focal spot size much less than which focal spot size | Effective focal spot/Actual Focal Spot
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| The smaller the anode angle, the heel effect becomes what | Greater
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| What are the reasons that off-focus radiation is undesirable | Extends the size of the focal spot, increases skin dose modestly and reduces image contrast
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| Most of the causes of x-ray tube failure are related to what | Thermal Capacity
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| A magnetic field is created any time what type of particle is in motion | A charge particle
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| What is the purpose of an electric generator | To convert mechanical energy into electricity
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| What is the purpose of an electric motor | To convert electricity into mechanical energy
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| A current carrying coil of wire is known as what | Selenoid
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| Placing an iron core into a current carrying coil of wire would turn the device into what | Electromagnet
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| An electric current is induced in a circuit if some part of that circuit is in what type of magnetic field | Changing
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| What are the four factors of Faraday's law | The velocity of the magnetic field to the conductor, the magnetic field strength, the angle of the conductor to the magnetic field and the number of turns in the coil.
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| The autotransformer operates on what principle | Self-induction
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| A regular step-up or step-down transformer operates on what principle | Mutual Induction
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| What are the three main causes of transformer inefficiency | Resistance, Hysteresis and eddy-currents
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| Transformers require what type of voltage to operate, while the x-ray tubes must be supplied with this type of voltage | AC/DC
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| Why is it important that the production of x-rays take place in a vacuum | Air can cause electrons to scatter, reducing the efficiency of the beam production
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| What causes an "open filament" | Over use of the filament causes vaporization of the tungsten
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| How much more area does a rotating anode provide to interact with the electron beam than a stationary anode | 1000 times
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| Tube current is adjusted by controlling what circuit | Filament
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| What are the SI units of magnetic field strength | Tesla
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| List three types of transformers | Closed-Core, Autotransformer and shell-type
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| A step-up transformer results in an increase in what | Voltage
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| A step-down transformer results in an increase in what | Current
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| Electron target interactions result in the conversion of electron kinetic energy into what two types of energy | Thermal(Infared Radiation) and Electromagnetic (X-rays)
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| The production of heat in the anode increases directly with increasing x-ray tube what | Voltage and Current
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| Using three-phase power is equivalent to a what percent increase in kVp over single phase equipment | 12%
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| Using high-frequency power is equivalent to a what percent increase in kVp over single phase equipment | 16%
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| What effect does added filtration have on the x-ray beam | Removes low energy rays, and "hardens" the beam (increases quality while decreasing quantity)
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| Only what shell x-rays of tungsten are useful for imaging | k-shell
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| The doubling of mAs causes a doubling of what striking the target, and consequently doubles the number of what emitted | electrons/x-rays
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| The roentgen is a measure of the number of what produced in air by a quantity of x-rays | Ion pairs
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| This is just a measure of the total number of electrons that travel from cathode to anode to produce x-rays | CurrentxSeconds(mAs)
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| The four factors affecting quantity are what | kVp, mAs, Filtration and Distance
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| X-ray quality is also known as what | Penetration
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| Doubling the optical density on a radiograph using kVp alone requires an increase of what percent | 15%
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| Two factors that affect x-ray quality are what | kVp and filtration
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| Rectification | The Conversion of AC power into DC power
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| Leakage Radiation | The radiation that escapes from the tube housing
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| Off-Focus Radiation | 3. Electrons that bounce off of the focal spot and strike other areas of the target causing x-rays to be produced outside of the focal spot.
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| Thermionic Emission | The "boiling off" of electrons from the filament
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| Half-Value Layer | The amount of absorbing material required to reduce the intensity of the beam by one half.
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| Proton | A positively charged particle located inside the nucleus of an atom. It also defines the atomic number of an element.
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| Neutron | A particle located inside the nucleus of an atom that has no charge.
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| Electron | A small particle that usually orbits around the nucleus of an atom and has a negative charge
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| Atomic Number | The total number of protons an element has, which consequently defines what the chemical element is.
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| Ionization | The release of an electron by an orbiting shell
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| Rem | "Radiation Equivalent Man" the radiation amount absorbed by a person through their occupation
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| Rad | "Radiation absorbed dose" the absorbed amount of radiation by any object
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| Roentgen | The amount of radiation that is traveling through the air
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| Radiation | The transfer of energy by the ionization of atoms
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| Radioactivity | the emission of particles or energy from an atom
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| Alpha particle | Consists of two neutrons and two protons from the nucleus of an atom
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| Beta particle | The emission of an electron from the nucleus that converts a neutron into a proton
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| Photon | A packet of electromagnetic energy
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| Properties of a photon | Frequency, wavelength, amplitude and velocity
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| Attenuation | Reduction in intensity resulting from scattering and absorption
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| Coherent Scattering | Results in a change in direction without a change in energy. AKA classical scattering and occurs below 10 keV
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| Compton Scattering | The source of most occupational radiation exposure. An outer shell electron is struck and ejected (compton electron). The x-ray continues in a different direction with less energy, and it produces fog.
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| Photoelectric Effect | An inner orbital electron is struck and ejected, ionizing the atom. The energy is completely absorbed. Responsible for characteristic diagnostic image.
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| Pair Production | Creates two electrons, + and -. Energy is absorbed by the nucleus, but it must be at least 1.02 MeV
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| Photodisintegration | Only occurs above 10MeV. Energy is absorbed by the nucleus which emits a nuclear fragmant
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| Insulator | Any material that does not allow electron flow
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| Superconductor | A material that exhibits no resistance below a critical temperature
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| Semiconductor | A material that under some conditions behaves as an insulator, and in other conditions, behaves as a conductor
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| Conductor | Any substance through which electrons flow easily
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| Resistance | Anything that hinders or opposes the electric current flow of charge particles
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| Radiopaque | A substance in which electromagnetic waves cannot travel through
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| Radiolucent | A substance in which electromagnetic waves can travel through
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| Find the number of electrons in a shell | 2n^2
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| Find frequency or wavelength | C= (wavelength)x(frquency)
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| Inverse square law | (I1)(D1)^2 = (I2)(D2)^2
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| What is the smallest particle that has all the properties of an element | Atom
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| What is the maximum number of electrons that may be found in the outermost shell of any atom | 8
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| A proton and neutron are how much larger than an electron | 2000 times
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| Who discovered x-rays and when | Wilhelm Roentgen, November 8th, 1895
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| What is the largest source of natural environmental radiation | Radon
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| What is the largest source of man-made ionizing radiation | Diagnostic
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| What are the fundamental building blocks of matter | Atoms and Molecules
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| When x-rays were first discovered, what was their source | Crooks Tube
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| What are the types of energy | Potential, Kinetic, Chemical, Electrical, Thermal, Nuclear and Electromagnetic
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| What does ALARA stand for | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| What did the Coolidge tube allow for the separation of | Voltage and Current
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| What are three primary radiation protection devices | Filtration, Shielding and Collimation
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| What are the two categories of ionizing radiation | Electromagnetic (x and gamma) and Particulate (alpha and beta)
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| What is the smallest particle that has all the properties of a compound | Molecule
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| What are two factors that decrease the affinity of an electron to its element? How do they effect it? | The larger the atom the less the affinity and the further away an electron's orbit is, the less the affinity
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| At what speed does all electromagnetic radiation travel | 3.0 x 10^8
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| What two natures does electromagnetic energy behave in | Wave and Particle
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| Of these natures, which does it tend to behave more like | Particle
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| How are frequency and wavelength related | Inversely proportional
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| What is the smallest unit of negative electric charge | Electron
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| If two negatively charged objects are brought near to each other will they be attracted or repelled | Repelled
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| If an object gains an electron does it become positively or negatively electrified | Negatively
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| Can protons move freely from one atom to another | No
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| What are the three ways electrification can be created | Induction, Friction and Contact
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| What is the electric charge of a coulomb | 6.3 x 10^18
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| Do electric charges have potential energy | Yes
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| What are the 3 main factors that characterize a simple circuit and their unit of measurement | Voltage (Volts), Current (Amps) and Resistance (Ohms)
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| How is the volt meter connected to a circuit | Parallel
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| How is an amp meter connected to a circuit | In Series
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| What type of circuit does voltage remain constant | Series
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| What are the four factors that influence the resistance of a conductor | Cross sectional Area, Material Type, length and temperature
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| What are three devices that help protect against or minimize exposure to radiation | Intensifying screens, filtration and lead shields
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| What is the difference between x-rays and gamma rays | X-rays are emitted from the cloud of electrons, gamma rays are emitted from the nucleus.
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