AQA GCSE chapter 09 crude oil
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| what is a HydroCarbon? | A COMPOUND of Hydrogen and Carbon ONLY, JOINED TOGETHER
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| What is the formula for Methane? | CH4
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| Which Hydrocarbons are the most flammable? long chains or short chains? | The ones with short chains of Carbon
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| What is Kerosene used for? | Fuel for airplanes
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| How do we separate the different fractions of crude oil? | Fractional Distillation
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| What is bitumen used for? | To put on roads
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| Which fraction is the most viscous? | Fuel Oil
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| The gases fraction contains chains of carbons. How long are the chains? | 1 to 4 Carbon atoms
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| Ch4 is the formula for a member of which family? | Alkane
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| C2H4 is the name of which compound? | Ethane
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| What is the formula for Propane? | C3H8
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| What is the formula for Propene? | C3H6
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| Which type of Hydrocarbons will make Bromine Water change colour? | Alkenes
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| What is the reaction where a long chain alkane breaks down into a shorter chain alkane and an Alkene? | Cracking
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| Which compounds are saturated? | Alkanes
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| Which compounds are unsaturated? | Alkenes
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| How do you draw an AlkAne? | Draw the correct number of carbons in a chain; join them with single links; draw links so that each Carbon has FOUR links (no more, no less)
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| How do you draw an AlkEne? | Draw the correct number of carbons in a chain; join TWO carbons with a DOUBLE link; join the other carbons with single links; draw links so that each Carbon has FOUR links (no more, no less)
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| What is the mnemotechnic to remember that AlkEnes are Unsaturated? | DEUX: Double Ene Unsaturated X (no more colour)
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| What is the chemical test to distinguish between AlkAne and AlkEne? | Bromine water stays ORANGE with an alkane; but goes from Orange to COLOURLESS with an AlkEne
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| Explain how fractional distillation works | crude oil is heated to 350°C; crude oil boil;the VAPOURS cool as it rises up the tower; VAPOURS condense at different levels according to the size of the molecules: the smaller molecules have LOWER boiling point and condense at TOP of tower
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| Describe the cracking procedure (experiment) | VAPOURS of an AlkAne are passed over a HOT CATALYST
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| Write the equation for Decane (C10H22) being cracked into Ethene (C2H4) and a smaller Alkane | C10H22 --> C2H4 + C8H18; the number of carbon must be the same on both sides of the arrow
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| Decane (C10H22) can be cracked into 2 EthEne molecules and an AlkAne. What is the formula of the AlkAne? | Write the equation C10H22 --> C2H4 + C2H4 + C6H14; the number of carbon must be the same on both sides of the arrow; The alkane is C6H14
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| Explain why we need to crack long chain alkAnes | To get smaller molecules that are more USEFUL (more flammable) and more in DEMAND
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| What is crude oil? | mixture of hydrocarbons
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| What is a hydrocarbon? | a compound of hydrogen and carbon ONLY
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| How is crude oil formed? | 1) millions of year ago; 2) plankton; 3)covered by sand 4)no oxygen 5)heat and pressure
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| What is fractional distillation used for? | separating crude oil into fractions
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| Describe the procedure (how it works) | heat; to boil most of the crude oil; smaller alkanes will condense at lower temperature, higher tower
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| What are the names and structures of the first four alkanes found in the fraction of the Natural Gas? | MethAne, EthAne, PropAne, ButAne
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| What are the properties of fraction found at the top of the tower? | at the top, you find small molecules, easy to bbpc, (Boil, Burn Pour Colour), easy to ffvc (Fluid, Flammable, Volatile, Colour); you must use the ffvc words in the exam
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| What is cracking used for? | breaking down long alkanes into smaller alkanes and an alkene; smaller alkanes are more in demand and more useful (more flammable)
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| What kind of chemical reaction is cracking? | thermal decomposition
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| How do we know that smaller Alkanes have been produced? | more flammable
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| How do we know that a different kind of chemical (AlkEnes) have been produced? (what is the chemical test?) | 1)bromine goes from 2) orange to 3)colourless
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| What are the two methods to crack long chain alkanes? |
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| What is the equation for the cracking of Octane C8H18 into Ethene and one other molecule? | C8H18 C2H4+C6H14; 1) LEARN your formulae: EthEne is C2H4; 2) work out the formula of the “other” product by balancing the number of carbons and hydrogen
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| What is the equation for the cracking of Octane C8H18 into Butane and one other molecule? | C8H18 C4H10+C4H8; 1) LEARN your formulae: EthEne is C2H4; 2) work out the formula of the “other” product by balancing the number of carbons and hydrogen
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| What is the difference between complete and incomplete combustion? | incomplete=not enough oxygen
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| What is the equation for the complete combustion of propane? | C3H8+ 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O; WORD then FORMULAE then BALANCE!
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| What is the equation for the incomplete combustion of ethane? | 2 C2H6+ 5 O2 4CO + 6H2O
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| Why is incomplete combustion dangerous? | carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin; so the haemoglobin can not carry oxygen to the muscles anymore
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