Physics: Units 5-9
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| Momentum | quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object
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| Impulse | product of force and time over which a force acts
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| Impulse-Momentum Theorem | I=Fnet x delta t= delta p
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| Law of Conservation of Momentum | the total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the objects
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| Inelastic Collision | a collision in which two objects stick together completely after colliding
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| Elastic Collision | a collision in which the total momentum and KE is conserved (objects bounce off one another with no permanent deformation)
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| Rotational Motion | movement in a circle or spinning
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| Radian | angle formed when an arc length is equal to the radius of a circle
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| Revolution | one time around the radius of a circle
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| Angular Displacement | change in an angle (delta theta)
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| Tangential Speed | the linear speed of something moving in a circular path
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| Angular Speed | rate at which an object moves through an angle
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| Centripetal Force | net force acting toward the center of a circle keeping an object moving in a circular path
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| Tangential Acceleration | how the tangential velocity of a point changes with time (same as linear acceleration but is specific to tangential direction)
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| Angular Acceleration | rate of change in angular speed
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| Rotational Kinematics | applying kinematics equations to rotational problems
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| Centripetal Acceleration | acceleration towards the center of a circle
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| Centrifugal Force | imaginary outward force felt by observers moving in a circular path
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| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | F=(GxM1xM2)/r squared
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| Universal Gravitation Constant | 6.67408x10 to the -11 power
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| Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion | an imaginary line drawn from the sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals
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| Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion | The square of a plant's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the average distance between the planet and the sun
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| Black Hole | a region of space having a gravitational field so intense that no matter can escape
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| Kepler's 1st Law of Planetary Motion | Each planet travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun with the sun at one of its focal points
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| Center of Gravity | the point at which the mass of a body can be considered to be concentrated when analyzing translational motion
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| Torque | a quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object about some axis
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| Lever Arm | r(sin of theta) or d(sin of theta)
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| Rotational Equilibrium | when the net force equals zero
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| Moment of Inertia | tendency of an object to resist a change in rotational motion
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| Angular Momentum | product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity
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| Conservation of Angular Momentum | lowering the moment of inertia will increase the rotational speed
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| Translational Kinetic Energy | KE=1/2(m)(v squared)
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| Rotational Kinetic Energy | KE=1/2(I)(w squared)
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| Fluid | a non-solid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to flow
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| Mass Density | concentration of matter in an object
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| Buoyant Force | upward force exerted by a fluid on an object that is sitting in or floating on a fluid
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| Pressure | magnitude of the force on a surface per unit of area
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| Ideal Fluid | a fluid with no internal friction
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| Archimedes' Principle | an object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
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| Pascal's Principle | pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point in the fluid as well as the walls of the container
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| Venturi Effect | the speed of a fluid increases when the cross sectional area decreases
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| Flow Rate | product of area times volume for fluid in a pipe
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| Bernoulli's Principle | the pressure of a fluid decreases as the velocity of a fluid increases
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| Ideal Gas Law | (P1V1)/T1=(P2V2)/T2
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| Temperature | the measure of the average KE of the particles of the substance
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| Internal Energy | the energy of a substance due to both the random motion of its particles and to the potential energy that results from the distances and alignments of the particles
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| Thermal Equilibrium | the state in which two physical bodies in contact with each other have identical temperatures
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| Heat | energy transferred between objects because of a difference in temperature
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| Specific Heat Capacity | the quantity of heat required to raise a unit of mass of homogeneous material by 1K or 1C given constant pressure and volume
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| Calorimetry | an experimental procedure used to measure the energy transferred from one substance to another as heat
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| Phase Change | physical change in a substance from one state of matter to another at constant temperature and pressure
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| Latent Heat | the energy per unit of mass that is transferred during a phase change
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| Hooke's Law | the restoring force of a string depends on the stiffness of the spring and the displacement from the string's equilibrium point
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| Simple Harmonic Motion | vibration about an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium
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| Medium | physical environment through which a disturbance can travel
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| Mechanical Waves | a wave that requires a medium to travel through (sound waves)
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| Pulse Wave | a wave that consists of a single traveling pulse
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| Transverse Wave | a wave whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction that the wave is traveling
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| Compressional Wave | a wave whose particles vibrate parallel to the direction that the wave is traveling
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| Compression | region of a longitudinal wave where the pressure and density are at a maximum
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| Rarefraction | region of a longitudinal wave where the pressure and the density are at a minimum
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| Constructive Interference | a combining of two or more waves that results in a wave that is a sum of the two colliding crests/ troughs
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| Destructive Interference | a combining of two waves that results in the waves and troughs canceling each other out to create either a smaller wave or no wave at all
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| Infrasonic Waves | sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
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| Ultrasonic Waves | sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hz
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| Pitch | a measure of how high or low the sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency
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| Doppler Effect | an observed change in frequency when there is relative motion between the source of waves and the observer
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| Intensity | the rate at which energy flows through a unit perpendicular to the direction of wave motion
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| Decibel | a dimensionless unit that describes the ratio of two intensities of sound
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| Resonance | a phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a force applied to an object matches the natural frequency; resulting in a large amplitude of vibration
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| Fundamental Frequency | the lowest frequency of vibration in a standing wave
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| Harmonic Series | a series of frequencies that includes the fundamental frequency and successive harmonics
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| Timbre | the musical quality of a tone resulting in the combination of harmonics present at different intensities
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| Beat | periodic variation in amplitude of a wave that is the superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies
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| Reverberation | prolongation of a sound
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| Electromagnetic Wave | a wave consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward from the source at the speed of light
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| Luminous Flux | rate at which light is emitted from a source (measured in lumens)
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| Illuminance | luminous flux divided by surface area
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| Reflection | the change in direction of an electromagnetic wave at a surface that causes it to move away from the surface
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| Virtual Image | an image where light rays appear to diverge even though they aren't actually focused there; cannot be projected onto a screen
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| Concave Spherical Mirror | a mirror whose reflecting surface is a segment from the inside of a sphere
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| Real Image | an image formed by intersecting of light rays; can be projected onto a screen
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| Paraxial Rays | light rays that are near to the principal axis of a mirror and are used in ray diagrams
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| Spherical Aberration | a blurred image resulting from a spherically shaped mirror
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| Magnification | the process of enlarging something in appearance rather than physical size
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| Convex Spherical Mirror | a mirror with a reflecting surface of an outward-curved segment of a sphere
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| Linear Polarization | the alignment of electromagnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other
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| Refraction | the bending of a wave front as a wave passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs
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| Index of Refraction | the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given transparent medium
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| Snell's Law | n1sin(theta1)=n2sin(theta2)
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| Lens | a transparent object that refracts light rays such that they converge or diverge to create an image
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| Converging Lens | thick in the middle and thinner on the edges (convex)
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| Diverging Lens | thin in the middle and thicker on the edges (concave)
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| Total Internal Reflection | the complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking a surface boundary is greater than the critical angle
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| Critical Angle | the angle of incidence at which refracted light makes an angle of 90 degrees with the normal
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Created by:
17fermar
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