Physical Science
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| Electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom | valence electrons
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| Reflects that elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas electronic configuration as a noble gas | octet rule
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| Elements that have a single electron shell which accommodates only 2 electrons, are exceptions to the octet rule include electronic configuration as a noble gas. | Hydrogen (H), Helium(He)
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| Atoms that do not have 8 valence electrons _________ with other elements in order to have an electron configuration similar to a _________ | react
noble gas
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| Model of an atom with its valence electrons | electron dot diagram
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| Some elements achieve ___________ electron configurations through the __________ of electrons between atoms | stable
transfer
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| When the transfer occurs, the atoms no longer have the same number of protons and electrons so they are no longer __________ | neutral
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| An atom that has a net positive or negative electric charge | ion
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| Atom gains electrons to form an __________ with a negative charge | anion
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| Atom loses electrons to form a _________ with a positive charge | cation
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| The force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit | chemical bond
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| The force that holds cations and anions together (chemical bond between ions) | ionic bond
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| An ionic bond forms when __________ are transferred from one atom to another | electrons
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| The __________ the ionization energy, the easier it is to remove an electron from an atom | lower
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| The amount of energy used to remove an electron is called | ionization energy
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| Ionization energies tend to _________ from left to right across a period | increase
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| It takes more energy to remove an electron from a ________ than from a metal in the same period | nonmetal
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| Ionization energies tend to __________ from the top of a group to the bottom. | decrease
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| A notation that shows what elements a compound contains and the ratio of the atoms or ions of these elements in the compound | chemical formula
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| Solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice structure are called | crystals
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| Crystals are classified into groups based on the ___________of their crystals | shape
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| Two factors that determine the arrangement of ions in a ionic crystal | the ratio of ions
the relative sizes of the ions
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| The symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms inside a crystal | crystal lattice
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| The charge on an ion is also called its _________ | oxidation number
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| Atoms that do not have 8 valence electrons _________ with other elements in order to become stable as the noble gases | react
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| Names of anions are formed by placing the suffix _________ after part of the name of the nonmetal | -ide
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| Show the number of atoms present in each molecule | subscripts
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| Ions come together to form | neutral compounds
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| Chemical bond in which 2 NONMETAL atoms share a pair of valence electrons | covalent bond
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| Model that shows orbitals of atoms overlapping when a covalent bond forms | space-filling
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| A neutral group of atoms that are joined together by one or more covalent bonds | molecule
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| In a covalent bond, the atoms are held together by the _________ between the shared electrons and the protons in each nucleus | attractions
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| Elements at the _________ of a group have a greater attraction for elements than elements at the _________ of the group | top
bottom
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| Covalent bond in which electrons are NOT shared equally | polar covalent bond
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| When atoms from a polar covalent bond, the atom with the greater attraction for electrons has a partial _________ charge | negative
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| Factors that determine whether a molecule is a polar or nonpolar | the type of atoms
the shape of the molecule
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| Example of a polar molecule | water
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| In a water molecule, the hydrogen has a partial _________ charge, and the oxygen has a partial _________ charge | positive δ+
negative δ-
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| Attractions between polar molecules are _________ than attractions between nonpolar molecules | stronger
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| When a metal forms more than one ion, the name of the ion contains a Roman numeral to indicate the _________ on the ion | charge
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| Because all compounds are neutral, the total charges on the cations and anions in the formula of a ionic compound must add up to _________ | zero
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| The most _________ element appears first in the name (farthest to the left) | metallic
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| In covalent compounds, _________ are used to name the number atoms in molecular compounds | prefix
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| The prefix _________ is not used for the first element | mono
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| A covalently bonded group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge and acts as a unit | polyatomic bond
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| The attraction between a metal cation and the cation and the shared electrons that surround it | metallic bond
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| The more valence electrons a metal has, the stronger its _________ bonds will be | metallic
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| Properties of metals that can be explained by metallic bonding | malleability
conductivity
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| some of the properties of metals can be explained by the _________ of the electrons within a metal lattice | mobility
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| A mixture of 2 or more elements, at least one is a metal | alloy
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| Properties of Covalent Bonds | Many are flexible. Good insulators, poor conductors
They don’t dissolve in water easily
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| Example of a lattice structure that is VERY tough. | diamond
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| Covalent bond between two of the same element | diatomic
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| Covalent bond sharing ONE pair of electrons | single bond
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| Covalent bond sharing TWO pair of electrons | double bond
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| Covalent bond sharing THREE pair of electrons | triple bond
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