Extra Credit
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Momentum | A quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object
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| Impulse | The product of force and time over which a force acts
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| Impulse-Momentum Theorem | F= change in momentum divided by change in time
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| Law of Conservation Momentum | The total momentum of all objects interacting with one another remains constant regardless of the nature of the forces between the objects
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| Inelastic Collision | A collision in which two objects stick together completely after colliding
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| Elastic Collision | A collision in which the total momentum and Kinetic Energy are conserved
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| Rotational Motion | Movement in a circle or spinning
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| Angle | A shape formed between two lines coming from a single point
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| Arc Length | The measured distance that an arc makes up between two points
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| Radius | Distance from the center of a circle to the outside edge
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| Radian | The angle formed when an arc length is equal to the radius of a circle
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| Revolution | A full journey around a fixed point
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| Degree | A unit of measurement for angles
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| Linear Displacement | The distance that has been traveled
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| Angular Displacement | A change in angles
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| Linear Speed | Average velocity equals change in distance divided by change in time
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| Tangential Speed | Average angular speed equals change in angle divided by change in time
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| Angular Speed | The rate at which an object moves through an angle
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| Linear Acceleration | Change in velocity over change in time
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| Tangential Acceleration | Change in angular speed divided by change in time
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| Angular Acceleration | The rate of change in angular speed
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| Rotational Kinematics | Applying kinematics equations to rotational problems
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| Centripetal Force | The net force acting toward the center of a circle keeping an object moving in a circular path
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| Centrifugal Force | The imaginary outward force felt by observers moving in a circular path
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| Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation | F=Gm1m2 divided by r squared
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| Universal Gravitational Constant | 6.67 x 10 to the -11
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| Orbital Velocity | The minimal velocity an object needs to maintain an orbit
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| Escape Velocity | The minimal velocity needed to escape orbit
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| Black Hole | Formed when the escape speed of a star exceeds the speed of light
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| Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion | 1: Each planet travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun with the sun at one of the focal points 2: An imaginary line drawn from the sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals 3: The square of a planet's orbital period is equal
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| Center of Gravity | Point at which the mass of a body can be considered to be concentrated when analyzing translational motion
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| Torque | A quantity that measures the ability of a force to rotate an object some axis
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| Lever Arm | r(sin angle) or d(sin angle)
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| Net Torque | All of the torque acting on an object added together
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| Rotational Equilibrium | When the net torque equals zero
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| Moment of Inertia | The minimum amount of torque needed to increase the rotational acceleration of an object
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| Newton's 2nd Law Applied to Rotation | External torque equals moment of inertia times angular acceleration
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| Angular Momentum | The product of the moment of inertia and the angular velocity
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| Conservation of Angular Momentum | The angular momentum stays the same in direction and magnitude
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| Translational Kinetic Energy | Is equal to half the mass times to the square root of the speed
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| Rotational Kinetic Energy | Is equal to half the moment of inertia times the square of the angular velocity
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| Fluid | Substance that has no definite shape
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| Mass density | Equal to mass divided by volume of an object
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| Buoyant force | The upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an object
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| Positively buoyant | When an object's buoyant force is strong enough to make it float and the liquid's density is less than the object's
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| Negatively buoyant | When an object's buoyant force is weak enough to make it sink and the object's density is greater than the fluid's
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| Neutrally buoyant | When an object's density is equal to the fluid's density
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| Pressure | The continuous physical pressure exerted on an object by something in contact with it
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| Ideal fluid | The upward buoyant force that is acting on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces
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| Archimedes' principle | An object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
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| Pascal's principle | Pressure placed anywhere in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions through the fluid so that the pressure variations stay the same
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| Turbulent flow | A flow with chaotic property changes
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| Flow rate | The volume of fluid that passes per unit time
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| Bernoulli's principle | An increase in the speed of a fluid at the same time as a decrease in pressure
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| Ideal gas law | The equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas
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| Temperature | The degree of heat in an object or substance
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| Internal energy | The energy inside of a system
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| Thermal equilibrium | When two objects are touching and do not exchange heat
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| Heat | A form of energy that is a form of energy which transfers among particles of a substance through the kinetic energy
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| Specific heat capacity | The amount of heat needed to changed an object's temperature by one unit
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| Calorimetry | The science of measuring changes in energy of an object by measuring the heat exchanged with the surroundings
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| Phase change | The transformation of an object into another state because of a transfer of heat
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| Latent heat | Energy that is released or absorbed during a constant-temperature process
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| System | A set of interacting parts that make up a complex whole
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| Environment | The surrounding conditions
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| Isovolumetric Process | Volume remains constant
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| Isothermal process | The temperature does not change during expansion or compression
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| Adiabatic process | No heat is added or taken away
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| Cyclic process | The system starts and returns to the same thermodynamic state
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| Entropy | Measure of the number of specific realizations or microstate
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| First law of thermodynamics | Energy can be changed from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed
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| Second law of thermodynamics | The state of entropy increases over time
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| Hooke's Law | F=-kx
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| Equilibrium position | A state of rest in which there is no resultant force on the object
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| Force constant | Force divided by displacement
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| Simple Harmonic Motion | Vibration about an equilibrium position in which a restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium
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| Restoring Force | The force that brings the system back to equilibrium
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| Amplitude | The maximum displacement from equilibrium
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| Frequency | The number of cycles or vibrations per unit of time
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| Wave | An oscillation accompanied by a transfer of energy through a medium
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| Medium | Physical environment that through which a disturbance can be traveled
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| Mechanical Wave | A wave that requires a medium through which to travel
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| Pulse Wave | A wave that consists of a single traveling pulse
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| Transverse Wave | A wave whose particles vibrate perpendicularly to the direction the waves are traveling
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| Crest | The highest point of the wave
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| Trough | The lowest point of the wave
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| Wavelength | The distance between the highest point of a wave to the next
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| Longitudinal Wave | A wave whose particles vibrate parallel to the direction the wave is traveling
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| Compressional Wave | A shock wave that compresses the medium it is passing through
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| Compression | When particles in a wave are close together and not spread out
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| Rarefraction | When particles are spread out and not close together
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| Interference | A phenomenon where two waves interact to form a wave that is greater, less than, or equal to the original
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| Destructive Interference | When two waves form a smaller wave
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| Reflection | The change in direction of an electromagnetic wave at a surface that causes it to move away form the surface
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| Standing Wave | A wave pattern that results when two waves of the same frequency, wavelength, and amplitude travel in opposite directions and interfere
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| Node | A point in a standing wave that maintains zero displacement
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| Antinode | A point in a standing wave, halfway between two nodes, at which the largest displacement happens
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| Infrasonic Wave | Sound waves with frequencies below 20 Hertz
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| Ultrasonic Wave | Sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 Hertz
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| Pitch | A measure of how high or low a sound is perceived to be, depending on the frequency of the sound wave
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| Wave Fronts | Imaginary surface representing corresponding points of a wave that vibrate in unison
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| Doppler Effect | An observed change in frequency when there is relative motion between the source of waves and an observer
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| Intensity | The rate at which energy flows through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of wave motion
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| Threshold of Hearing | 0 decibel
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| Threshold of Pain | 120 decibel
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| Decibel | A unit used to express sound intensity
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| Resonance | The reinforcement or prolongation of sound waves by reflection from a surface or by the synchronous vibrating of an object
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| Fundamental Frequency | The lowest frequency of a periodic waveform
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| Harmonic Series | The wavelengths of the overtones of a vibrating string are 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, etc. of the string's fundamental wavelength
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| Timbre | The quality of a musical sound or voice as how it is different from its intensity or pitch
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| Beat | An interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies
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| Reverberation | The persistence of a sound after its source has stopped
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| Electromagnetic Wave | A wave consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields, which radiate outward from the source
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| Luminous Flux | Rate at which light is emitted from a source
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| Illuminance | Luminous flux divided by surface area
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| Virtual Image | An image from which light rays appear to diverge, even though they are not actually focused there
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| Concave Spherical Mirror | A mirror whose reflecting surface is a segment of the inside of a sphere
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| Real Image | An image that is formed by the intersection of light rays
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| Paraxial Rays | Light rays that are very near the principle axis of the mirror and are used in ray diagrams, Rays further from the axis don't necessarily intersect after reflecting from a concave mirror
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| Convex Spherical Mirror | A mirror whose reflecting surface is an outward curved segment of a sphere
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| Three Primary Pigment | Magenta, cyan, and yellow
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| Three Primary Color | Red, green, and blue
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| Linear Polarization | The alignment of electromagnetic waves in such a way that the vibrations of the electric fields in each of the waves are parallel to each other
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| Refraction | The binding if a wave front as the wave front passes between two substances in which the speed of the wave differs
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| Index of Refraction | The ratio of speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given transparent medium
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| Snell's Law | n1sinO1=n2sinO2
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| Lens | A transparent object that refracts light rays
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| Converging Lens | Thick in the middle and thin at the edges
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| Diverging Lens | Thin in the middle and thick at the edges
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| Total Internal Reflection | The complete reflection that takes place within a substance when the angle of incidence of light striking the surface boundary is greater than the critical angle
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| Critical Angle | The angle of incidence at which the refracted light makes an angle of 90 degrees with the normal
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Created by:
KelseyK1617
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