Chemistry SG
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| Chemistry | The scientific study of the structure, composition, and properties of matter
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| Matter | Stuff
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| Mass | A measure of the amount of matter in an object
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| Scientific Method | A series of steps followed to solve problems
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| Independent Variable | What you change in an experiment
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| Dependent Variable | What you measure in an experiment
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| Control | Will not get changed; for comparison
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| Sig. Digs. | All the digits you are certain of and the first one you approximate
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| Density | The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance (D=M/V)
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| Accuracy | How close you are to the accepted value (hit the mark)
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| Precision | Agreement between measurements made in the same way (about the same way every time)
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| Percent Error | A value that's calculated by solving: (exp. value - acpt. value/acpt. value)100
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| Substance | A sample of matter that has definite chemical and physical properties
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| Element | A substance that can't be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means
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| Compound | Element + element = compound
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| Solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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| Heterogeneous | Not the same throughout
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| Homogeneous | Same throughout
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| Extensive Property | A property that depends on the extent or size of a system
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| Intensive Property | A property that doesn't depend on the amount of matter present
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| Chemical Property | How one thing reacts in the presence of something else
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| Physical Property | Depends on that thing
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| Chemical Change | New material, change in one or more physical properties
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| Physical Change | No new material, changed in one or more physical properties
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| Law of Conservation of Mass | Mass can't be created or destroyed; can go from one form to another
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| Law of Conservation of Energy | Energy can't be created or destroyed; can go from one form to the other
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| Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy | The sum of all mass and energy is constant (in nuclear experiments)
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| Period/Series | Elements with the same size; rows on the periodic table
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| Family/Group | Similar properties, reactions, charge; columns on the periodic table
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| Metal | Good conductors of heat and electricity, left of staircase, grey solids at room temperature
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| Nonmetal | Insulators, most are gases, right of staircase
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| Metalloid | Border staircase, not Al; properties of (non)metals
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| Transition Metals | B columns, +2 charge most of the time, Ag +1, Zn +2
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| Alkali Metals | H's column, very reactive, 1A, reactivity goes up as you go down, +1 charge
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| Alkaline Earth Metals | 2A, very reactive, +2 charge
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| Pnicogens | 5A, most charges +5 or -3, but can be anywhere inbetween
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| Chalcogen | 6A, -2 charge
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| Halogens | 7A, most reactive non-metals, -1 charge
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| Noble Gases | 8A, 0 charge, stable
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| Rare Earth Elements | +2, +3 charge, metals
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| Cation | Positively charged ion
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| Anion | Negatively charged ion
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| Alloy | A mixture of two elements, one of them being a metal
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| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges
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| Oxidation Number | The charge of a certain element
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| Binary Compound | A compound composed of two different elements
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| Ionic Compound | Transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals
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| Covalent Compound | Nonmetals share electrons
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| Formula Unit | An ionic compound in it's simplest and most reduced terms
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| Molecule | A group of atoms that are held together by chemical forces
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| Oxidation Number | The charge of a certain element
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| Polyatomic Ion | An ion made of two or more atoms
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| Reactant | A substance or molecule that participates in a chemical reaction
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| Product | A substance that forms in a chemical reaction
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| Synthesis | A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound
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| Decomposition | Comp. -> elem./comp. + elem./comp.
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| Single Displacement | Element + compound = new element + new compound; use activity series
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| Double Displacement | Comp. 1+comp. 2= comp. 3+comp. 4
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| Combustion | 02 is a reactant, releases heat, CO2 and H2O are products if organic is a reactant
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| Activity Series | A series of elements that have similar properties
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| Precipitate | A solid that is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in a solution
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| Mole | The standard unit for amount
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| Redox | A chemical change in which one species is oxidized and another is reduced; combination of reduction and oxidation
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| Reducing Agent | Causes something to get reduced
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| Oxidizing Agent | Causes something to get oxidized
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| Oxidation | A chemical change in which electrons are lost; charge goes up
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| Reduction | A chemical change in which electrons are gained; charge goes down
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| Spectator Ions | Ions that cancel out and don't take place within the reaction
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| Molecular Equation | A balanced chemical equation where the compounds haven't been broken down yet
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| Complete Ionic Equation | A chemical equation for a reaction which the solubility rules have been applied
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| Net Ionic Equation | An equation that includes only those compounds reacting; eliminate spectator ions
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| Acid | Ionizes in H2O and forms H+ ions, low in pH (<7)
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| Base | High in pH (>7)
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| Strong Acid | An acid that ionizes completely in a solvent
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| Strong Base | A base that breaks apart completely in a solution
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| Weak Acid | An acid that releases few hydrogen ions in aqueous solution
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| Weak Base | A base that does not ionize fully in an aqueous solution
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| Polyprotic Acid | 2 or more H's
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| Stoichiometry | The relationship between the relative quantities of substances taking part in a reaction or forming a compound
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| Solute | The substance that dissolves in the solvent
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| Solvent | The substance in which the solute dissolves
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| Avogadro's Number | 6.02x10^23, the number of atoms or molecules in 1 mol
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| Formula Mass | The sum of the masses of all elements in a compound; measured in amu's
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| Molar Mass | The mass in grams of one mol of a substance
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| Average Atomic Mass | The weighted average of the masses of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element
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| Empirical Formula | A chemical formula that shows the composition of a compound in terms of the relative numbers and kinds of atoms in the simplest ratio
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| Molecular Formula | A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms
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| Structural Formula | A formula that indicates the location of the atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a molecule and that indicates the number and location of chemical bonds
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