The Chemistry of Life
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| photosynthesis | process by which a substance undergoes a change that does not alter its identity
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| cellular respiration | series of reactions in which glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy
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| endergonic | absorb energy
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| exergonic | release energy
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | stores chemical energy in its phosphate bonds
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| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | absorbs chemical energy from broken phosphate bonds
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| monomer | small molecule that joins with other similar molecules to make a polymer
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| polymer | large organic molecule consisting of small repeating units called monomers
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| carbohydrate | organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; human body's main source of energy
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| monosaccharide | monomer of a carbohydrate; simple sugar
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| disaccharide | compound composed of two monosaccharides; double sugar
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| polysaccharide | polymer formed when three or more monosaccharides join together; complex carbohydrate
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| dehydration synthesis | process by which two molecules are joined by removing a molecule of water
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| hydrolysis | reaction in which water is added to a reactant, breaking the reactant into two product molecules
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| glucose | the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis
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| fructose | a hexose sugar
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| galactose | a sugar of the hexose class that is a component of lactose and polysaccharides
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| sucrose | a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose units
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| lactose | a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units
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| starch | a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important component of the human diet
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| glycogen | a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis
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| cellulose | a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers; an insoluble substance that is the main component of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers
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| lipid | organic compound with oily or waxy properties; molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that are insoluble in water
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| oils | triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and that contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids
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| fats | triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and that contains mainly saturated fatty acids
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| triglyceride | ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils
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| fatty acid | a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylic group
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| glycerol | a trihydric alcohol used especially for explosives
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| cellulose | a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers; an insoluble substance that is the main component of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers
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| lipid | organic compound with oily or waxy properties
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| oil | triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature and that contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids
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| fat | triglyceride that is solid at room temperature and that contains mainly saturated fatty acids
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| triglyceride | ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils
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| fatty acid | a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrogen chain and a terminal carboxylic group, especially consisting in fats and oils
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| glycerol | a trihydric alcohol; used especially for explosives
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| saturated lipid | fat
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| unsaturated lipid | oil
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| hydrogenation | addition of a hydrogen molecule to a double or triple bond
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| phospholipid | lipid made up of an alcohol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group that forms cell membranes
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| steroid | any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure of four rings of carbon atoms
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| cholesterol | the most important steroid in animals that is synthesized by animals but not by plants
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| sex hormone | a hormone affecting sexual development or reproduction
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| protein | a polymer made of hundreds of amino acid monomers
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| hair, muscle, and connective tissue | structural proteins
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| enzyme | a biological catalyst
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| hemoglobin | quaternary protein structure
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| amino acid | occur naturally in plant and animal tissues and are the basic component of proteins
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