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Chapter 27 Vocab
The Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| photosynthesis | process by which a substance undergoes a change that does not alter its identity |
| cellular respiration | series of reactions in which glucose is oxidized to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy |
| endergonic | absorb energy |
| exergonic | release energy |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | stores chemical energy in its phosphate bonds |
| adenosine diphosphate (ADP) | absorbs chemical energy from broken phosphate bonds |
| monomer | small molecule that joins with other similar molecules to make a polymer |
| polymer | large organic molecule consisting of small repeating units called monomers |
| carbohydrate | organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio; human body's main source of energy |
| monosaccharide | monomer of a carbohydrate; simple sugar |
| disaccharide | compound composed of two monosaccharides; double sugar |
| polysaccharide | polymer formed when three or more monosaccharides join together; complex carbohydrate |
| dehydration synthesis | process by which two molecules are joined by removing a molecule of water |
| hydrolysis | reaction in which water is added to a reactant, breaking the reactant into two product molecules |
| glucose | the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis |
| fructose | a hexose sugar |
| galactose | a sugar of the hexose class that is a component of lactose and polysaccharides |
| sucrose | a disaccharide containing glucose and fructose units |
| lactose | a disaccharide containing glucose and galactose units |
| starch | a polysaccharide that functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important component of the human diet |
| glycogen | a polysaccharide that forms glucose on hydrolysis |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers; an insoluble substance that is the main component of plant cell walls and vegetable fibers |
| lipid | organic compound with oily or waxy properties; molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that are insoluble in water |
| oils | triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and that contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids |
| fats | triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and that contains mainly saturated fatty acids |
| triglyceride | ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils |
| fatty acid | a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrocarbon chain and a terminal carboxylic group |
| glycerol | a trihydric alcohol used especially for explosives |
| cellulose | a polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers; an insoluble substance that is the main component of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers |
| lipid | organic compound with oily or waxy properties |
| oil | triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature and that contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids |
| fat | triglyceride that is solid at room temperature and that contains mainly saturated fatty acids |
| triglyceride | ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils |
| fatty acid | a carboxylic acid consisting of a hydrogen chain and a terminal carboxylic group, especially consisting in fats and oils |
| glycerol | a trihydric alcohol; used especially for explosives |
| saturated lipid | fat |
| unsaturated lipid | oil |
| hydrogenation | addition of a hydrogen molecule to a double or triple bond |
| phospholipid | lipid made up of an alcohol, fatty acids, and a phosphate group that forms cell membranes |
| steroid | any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure of four rings of carbon atoms |
| cholesterol | the most important steroid in animals that is synthesized by animals but not by plants |
| sex hormone | a hormone affecting sexual development or reproduction |
| protein | a polymer made of hundreds of amino acid monomers |
| hair, muscle, and connective tissue | structural proteins |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst |
| hemoglobin | quaternary protein structure |
| amino acid | occur naturally in plant and animal tissues and are the basic component of proteins |
Created by:
mlawrence
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