CHEM 301
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| constitutional/structural isomers | differ in their bonding sequence
🗑
|
||||
| stereoisomers | differ only in the arrangement of the atoms in space
🗑
|
||||
| cis-trans isomers | cis = same side, trans = opposite side
*there must be 2 different groups on the sp2 carbon
🗑
|
||||
| pauli exculsion principle | each orbital may hold a max. of 2 e- w/ opposite spins
🗑
|
||||
| hund's rule | equal energy orbitals are half-filled, the fully filled
🗑
|
||||
| aufbau principle | filling up the energy level diagram one e- at a time, lower energy orbitals are filled before higher energy orbitals
🗑
|
||||
| conformational isomers | stereoisomer that can rotate about a single bond
🗑
|
||||
| electrophile | e- pair acceptor, lewis acid
🗑
|
||||
| nucleophile | e- pair donor
🗑
|
||||
| dipole-dipole | between polar molecules, larger dipoles cause higher B.P.
🗑
|
||||
| london dispersion | between nonpolar molecules, branching lowers B.P.
🗑
|
||||
| hydrogen bonding | strong dipole-dipole attraction, must have N-H or O-H
🗑
|
||||
| Arrhenius acids & bases | acids dissociate in water to give H3O+ ions
bases dissociate in water to give OH- ions
🗑
|
||||
| Bronsted-Lowry acids & bases | acids = any species that can donate a proton
bases = any species that can accept a proton
🗑
|
||||
| conjugate acid-base pairs | acids = plus one H
base = minus one H
🗑
|
||||
| pKa | larger pKa = weaker acids, smaller pKa = stronger acids
🗑
|
||||
| electronegativity | increases going down the periodic table
🗑
|
||||
| size | size increases, acidity increases
🗑
|
||||
| hybridization effects on acidity | sp = small pKa, sp3 = large pKa
🗑
|
||||
| Lewis acids & bases | bases = nucleophiles (donate e-)
acids = electrophiles (accept e-)
🗑
|
||||
| alcohol | R-OH
🗑
|
||||
| ether | R-O-R'
🗑
|
||||
| aldehyde | RCHO
🗑
|
||||
| ketone | RCOR'
🗑
|
||||
| carboxylic acids | -COOH
🗑
|
||||
| amines | RNH2
RNHR'
R3N
🗑
|
||||
| amides | RCONH2
RCONHR
RCONR2
🗑
|
||||
| nitrile | RCN
🗑
|
||||
| ester | RCOOR'
🗑
|
||||
| alkane formula | CnH2n+2
🗑
|
||||
| IUPAC rules - alkanes | longest chain with most substituents, alphabetical (ignoring prefixes), number starting with end closest to substituent
🗑
|
||||
| cycloalkane formula | CnH2n
🗑
|
||||
| cyclohexane stability | big groups more stable on equatorial (put smaller groups on axial if trans)
🗑
|
||||
| disubstituted cyclohexanes | Positions - cis - trans
1,2 - (a,e) or (e,a) - (a,a) or (e,e)
1,3 - (a,a) or (e,e) - (a,e) or (e,a)
1,4 - (a,e) or (e,a) - (a,a) or (e,e)
🗑
|
||||
| Chirality | -right gloves doesn't fit left hand
-mirror images object is different from original object
-cis isomer is achiral
-trans is chiral
🗑
|
||||
| enantiomers | nonsuperimposable mirror images, different molecules
-if there is only one chiral carbon in a molecule, its mirror image will be a different compound (enantiomer)
🗑
|
||||
| chiral carbons | tetrahedral carbons with four different groups attached, sp3
🗑
|
||||
| mirror planes of symmetry | molecule w/ internal plane of symmetry cannot be chiral
🗑
|
||||
| Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules | atom with highest atomic number is #1, double and triple bonds are treated like bonds to duplicate atoms
🗑
|
||||
| Assign R or S | lowest priority in back
clockwise = R
counterclockwise = S
🗑
|
||||
| specific rotation | [a]=a(observed)/c x l
🗑
|
||||
| optical purity | enantiomeric excess = observed specific rotation/specific rotation of pure enantiomer
🗑
|
||||
| allenes | chiral compounds with no chiral carbons
contains sp carbon w/ adjacent double bonds -C=C=C-
end carbons must have different groups
🗑
|
||||
| fischer projections | chiral carbon at intersection of horizontal and vertical lines
horizontal lines are forward, vertical lines are behind the plane
🗑
|
||||
| fischer rules | carbon chain on vertical line
highest oxidized carbon on top
do not rotate 90 degrees
🗑
|
||||
| fischer R and S | lowest priority comes foward
clockwise is S, counterclockwise is R
*opposite assignment rules*
🗑
|
||||
| diastereomers | stereoisomers that are not mirror images
cis-trans isomers
molecules with 2 or more chiral carbons
🗑
|
||||
| alkenes | cis-trans isomers are not mirror images, so they are diastereomers
🗑
|
||||
| meso | have internal mirror plane
maximum # is 2^n, n = # of chiral carbons
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
slb23310
Popular Chemistry sets