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Ch. 1-5
CHEM 301
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| constitutional/structural isomers | differ in their bonding sequence |
| stereoisomers | differ only in the arrangement of the atoms in space |
| cis-trans isomers | cis = same side, trans = opposite side *there must be 2 different groups on the sp2 carbon |
| pauli exculsion principle | each orbital may hold a max. of 2 e- w/ opposite spins |
| hund's rule | equal energy orbitals are half-filled, the fully filled |
| aufbau principle | filling up the energy level diagram one e- at a time, lower energy orbitals are filled before higher energy orbitals |
| conformational isomers | stereoisomer that can rotate about a single bond |
| electrophile | e- pair acceptor, lewis acid |
| nucleophile | e- pair donor |
| dipole-dipole | between polar molecules, larger dipoles cause higher B.P. |
| london dispersion | between nonpolar molecules, branching lowers B.P. |
| hydrogen bonding | strong dipole-dipole attraction, must have N-H or O-H |
| Arrhenius acids & bases | acids dissociate in water to give H3O+ ions bases dissociate in water to give OH- ions |
| Bronsted-Lowry acids & bases | acids = any species that can donate a proton bases = any species that can accept a proton |
| conjugate acid-base pairs | acids = plus one H base = minus one H |
| pKa | larger pKa = weaker acids, smaller pKa = stronger acids |
| electronegativity | increases going down the periodic table |
| size | size increases, acidity increases |
| hybridization effects on acidity | sp = small pKa, sp3 = large pKa |
| Lewis acids & bases | bases = nucleophiles (donate e-) acids = electrophiles (accept e-) |
| alcohol | R-OH |
| ether | R-O-R' |
| aldehyde | RCHO |
| ketone | RCOR' |
| carboxylic acids | -COOH |
| amines | RNH2 RNHR' R3N |
| amides | RCONH2 RCONHR RCONR2 |
| nitrile | RCN |
| ester | RCOOR' |
| alkane formula | CnH2n+2 |
| IUPAC rules - alkanes | longest chain with most substituents, alphabetical (ignoring prefixes), number starting with end closest to substituent |
| cycloalkane formula | CnH2n |
| cyclohexane stability | big groups more stable on equatorial (put smaller groups on axial if trans) |
| disubstituted cyclohexanes | Positions - cis - trans 1,2 - (a,e) or (e,a) - (a,a) or (e,e) 1,3 - (a,a) or (e,e) - (a,e) or (e,a) 1,4 - (a,e) or (e,a) - (a,a) or (e,e) |
| Chirality | -right gloves doesn't fit left hand -mirror images object is different from original object -cis isomer is achiral -trans is chiral |
| enantiomers | nonsuperimposable mirror images, different molecules -if there is only one chiral carbon in a molecule, its mirror image will be a different compound (enantiomer) |
| chiral carbons | tetrahedral carbons with four different groups attached, sp3 |
| mirror planes of symmetry | molecule w/ internal plane of symmetry cannot be chiral |
| Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules | atom with highest atomic number is #1, double and triple bonds are treated like bonds to duplicate atoms |
| Assign R or S | lowest priority in back clockwise = R counterclockwise = S |
| specific rotation | [a]=a(observed)/c x l |
| optical purity | enantiomeric excess = observed specific rotation/specific rotation of pure enantiomer |
| allenes | chiral compounds with no chiral carbons contains sp carbon w/ adjacent double bonds -C=C=C- end carbons must have different groups |
| fischer projections | chiral carbon at intersection of horizontal and vertical lines horizontal lines are forward, vertical lines are behind the plane |
| fischer rules | carbon chain on vertical line highest oxidized carbon on top do not rotate 90 degrees |
| fischer R and S | lowest priority comes foward clockwise is S, counterclockwise is R *opposite assignment rules* |
| diastereomers | stereoisomers that are not mirror images cis-trans isomers molecules with 2 or more chiral carbons |
| alkenes | cis-trans isomers are not mirror images, so they are diastereomers |
| meso | have internal mirror plane maximum # is 2^n, n = # of chiral carbons |
Created by:
slb23310
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