some shiiiit
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| Justinian's Code | Multiparty collection of laws and legal commentary issued in the sixth century by the Byzantine emperor Justinian, consisting of the Codex, the Digest, and the Institutes.
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| Dioceses | Geographic administrative districts of the church, each under the authority of a bishop and centered around a cathedral.
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| Heresy | A religious practice or belief judged unacceptable by church officials.
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| Pope | Heads of the Roman Catholic Church, who became political as well as religious authorities. The period of a pope’s term in office is called a pontificate.
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| Orthodox Church | Another name for the Eastern Christian Church, over which emperors continued to have power.
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| Sacraments | Certain rituals of the church believed to act as a conduit of God’s grace, such as the Eucharist and baptism.
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| Iconoclastic Controversy | The conflict over the veneration of religious images in the Byzantine Empire.
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| Wergeld | Compensatory payment for death or injury set in many barbarian law codes.
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| Penance | Ritual in which Christians asked a priest for forgiveness for sins and the priest set certain actions to atone for the sins.
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| Saints | People who were venerated for having lived or died in a way that was spiritually heroic or noteworthy.
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| Carolingian | A dynasty of rulers that took over the Frankish kingdom from the Merovingians in the seventh century; derives from the Latin word for “Charles,” the name of several members of this dynasty.
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| Treaty of Verdun | A treaty ratified in 843 that divided Charlemagne’s territories among his three surviving grandsons; their kingdoms set the pattern for the modern states of Germany, France, and Italy.
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| Qur'an | The sacred book of Islam
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| Hadith | Collections of the sayings of and anecdotes about Muhammad.
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| Sunna | An Arabic term meaning “trodden path.” The term refers to the deeds and sayings of Muhammad, which constitute the obligatory example for Muslim life.
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| Five Pillars of Islam | The basic tenets of the Islamic faith; they include faith in God and Muhammad, praying five times daily, fasting and praying during the month of Ramadan, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and making alms to the poor.
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| Umma | A community of people who share religious faith and commitment rather than a tribal tie.
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| Diwan | A unit of government.
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| Imam | The leader in community prayer.
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| Shi'a | Arabic term meaning “supporters of Ali”; they make up one of the two main divisions of Islam.
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| Sunni | the larger of the two main divisions of Islam
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| Ulama | A group of religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur’an and the Sunna
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| Emirs | Arab governors who were given overall responsibility for public order, maintenance of the armed forces, and tax collection.
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| Shari'a | Muslim law, which covers social, criminal, political, commercial, and religious matters.
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| Dhimmis | A term meaning “protected peoples”; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians.
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| Madrasa | A school for the study of Muslim law and religion.
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| Mozarabs | Christians who adopted some Arabic customs but did not convert.
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| Bantu | people living south and east of the Congo River.
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| Sudan | The African region surrounded by the Sahara, the Gulf of Guinea, the Atlantic Ocean, and the mountains of Ethiopia.
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| Berbers | North African peoples who controlled the caravan trade between the Mediterranean and the Sudan.
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| Mogadishu | A Muslim port city in East Africa founded between the eighth and tenth centuries; today it is the capital of Somalia.
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| Stateless Societies | African societies bound together by ethnic or blood ties rather than by being political states.
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| Ghana | From the word for “ruler,” the name of a large and influential African kingdom inhabited by the Soninke people.
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| Koumbi Saleh | The city in which the king of Ghana held his court.
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| Timbuktu | Originally a campsite for desert nomads, it grew into a thriving city under Mansa Musa, king of Mali and Africa’s most famous ruler
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| Aksum | A kingdom in northwestern Ethiopia that was a sizable trading state and the center of Christian culture.
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| Swahili | The East African coastal culture, named after a Bantu language whose vocabulary and poetic forms exhibit strong Arabic influences.
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| Kilwa | The most powerful city on the east coast of Africa by the late thirteenth century.
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| Great Zimbabwe | A ruined South African city discovered by a German explorer in 1871; it is considered the most powerful monument south of the Nile Valley and Ethiopian highlands.
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| Sunni - Shi'a Divide | began in a dispute about succession to Muhammad, but over time many differences in theology developed.
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