Chpater 2 Vocab
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| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space.
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| Physical Property | A property of matter that results from the position and characteristics of its particles and that can be measured without causing a change in the identity of the material
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| Chemical property | A property of matter that describes how one substance reacts in the presence of other substances
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| Physical Change | A change that alters the physical properties of a substance but that does not change the substance's identity.
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| Chemical Change | A change in the identity of a material that results in a different material with a different compositions and properties.
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| Pure substance | A substance that is made up of only one kind of particle and has uniform composition
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| Mixture | Two or more pure substances physically combined with no definite proportions that can be separated by physical means
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| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture composed of two or more separate phases that have their own properties
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| Homogeneous mixture | A mixture that shows only a single phase with uniform properties throughout
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| Element | A substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number and that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means into anything that is both stable and simpler
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| Atom | A neutral particle with a centrally located nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons with electrons around it.
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| Ion | A charged atom; an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, thus producing an imbalance between the number of protons and electrons in the particle
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| Molecule | two or more covalently bonded atoms found as a separate, distinct, independent unit
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| Chemical Symbol | A one, two, or three -letter representation for an element
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| Compound | A substance that consists of atoms of different elements chemically bonded together
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| Chemical Formula | Chemical symbols arranged to represent molecules or formula units that make up compounds
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| Chemical subscript | A number written at the lower right of a chemical symbol, indicating the number of atoms or groups of atoms in a chemical formula
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| Coefficient | A number that appears in front of a chemical formula and indicates how many atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units are present
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| Energy | The ability to do work
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| Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations in chemical and physical processes
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| Law of conservation of mass energy | The physical law stating that during ordinary physical and chemical processes, mass is neither created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another
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| First law of thermodynamics | The physical law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted form one form to another
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| Entropy | The measure of randomness or lack of orderliness in a system.
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| Second law of thermodynamics | The physical law that applies to natural processes unaffected by outside manipulation by any intelligence and states that during any energy transformation, some energy goes to unusable form
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| System | A portion of the universe under study
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| Kinetic energy | Energy produced from motion
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| Internal energy | The sum of the potential and kinetic energies of an object's component particles
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| Temperature | A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms, molecules, or ions in matter
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| Thermal energy | The measure if the total kinetic energy of the molecules or ions in matter
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| Heat | A measurement of the total amount of thermal energy transferred from one substance to another
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| Exothermic | A term describing a process that releases heat energy
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| Endothermic | A term describing a process that absorbs heat energy
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| Celsius Scale | Divides the range from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water
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| Kelvin scale | Divides the range from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water.
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| Absolute zero | The theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion ceases
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| Third law of thermodynamics | Physical law stating that it is impossible to reach absolute zero
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| Joule | SI unit of work and energy
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| Calorie | Equivalent to the kilocalorie; used in reference to the energy content of foods
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| Kinetic Molecular theory | A theory stating that the particles of matter are in constant random motion and that the properties of matter are consequences of that motion
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| Solid | State of matter in which the particles have relatively little energy and cannot overcome the attractive forces
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| Liquids | A state of matter in which the particles have enough energy to partially overcome the attractive forces
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| Gas | A state of matter in which the particles have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces
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| Plasma | Most abundant form of matter in the universe, consisting of a gaseous sea of high
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| Bose Einstein Condensate | The state of matter that exists at temperature close to absolute zero
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| Quark gluon plasma | A high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclei collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of elementary particles called quarks and gluons
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| Condensation | Physical change from the gaseous state to the liquid state
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| Vaporization | A physical change from the liquid state to the vapor or gaseous stage.
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| Freezing | Physical change from the liquid state to the solid state
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| Melting | Physical Change from the solid to the liquid state
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| Sublimation | Physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state
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| Deposition | Physical change directly from a gaseous state to a solid
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