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Chapter 2
Chpater 2 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Matter | anything that has mass and takes up space. |
| Physical Property | A property of matter that results from the position and characteristics of its particles and that can be measured without causing a change in the identity of the material |
| Chemical property | A property of matter that describes how one substance reacts in the presence of other substances |
| Physical Change | A change that alters the physical properties of a substance but that does not change the substance's identity. |
| Chemical Change | A change in the identity of a material that results in a different material with a different compositions and properties. |
| Pure substance | A substance that is made up of only one kind of particle and has uniform composition |
| Mixture | Two or more pure substances physically combined with no definite proportions that can be separated by physical means |
| Heterogeneous Mixture | A mixture composed of two or more separate phases that have their own properties |
| Homogeneous mixture | A mixture that shows only a single phase with uniform properties throughout |
| Element | A substance whose atoms all have the same atomic number and that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means into anything that is both stable and simpler |
| Atom | A neutral particle with a centrally located nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons with electrons around it. |
| Ion | A charged atom; an atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, thus producing an imbalance between the number of protons and electrons in the particle |
| Molecule | two or more covalently bonded atoms found as a separate, distinct, independent unit |
| Chemical Symbol | A one, two, or three -letter representation for an element |
| Compound | A substance that consists of atoms of different elements chemically bonded together |
| Chemical Formula | Chemical symbols arranged to represent molecules or formula units that make up compounds |
| Chemical subscript | A number written at the lower right of a chemical symbol, indicating the number of atoms or groups of atoms in a chemical formula |
| Coefficient | A number that appears in front of a chemical formula and indicates how many atoms, ions, molecules, or formula units are present |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations in chemical and physical processes |
| Law of conservation of mass energy | The physical law stating that during ordinary physical and chemical processes, mass is neither created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another |
| First law of thermodynamics | The physical law stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted form one form to another |
| Entropy | The measure of randomness or lack of orderliness in a system. |
| Second law of thermodynamics | The physical law that applies to natural processes unaffected by outside manipulation by any intelligence and states that during any energy transformation, some energy goes to unusable form |
| System | A portion of the universe under study |
| Kinetic energy | Energy produced from motion |
| Internal energy | The sum of the potential and kinetic energies of an object's component particles |
| Temperature | A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms, molecules, or ions in matter |
| Thermal energy | The measure if the total kinetic energy of the molecules or ions in matter |
| Heat | A measurement of the total amount of thermal energy transferred from one substance to another |
| Exothermic | A term describing a process that releases heat energy |
| Endothermic | A term describing a process that absorbs heat energy |
| Celsius Scale | Divides the range from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water |
| Kelvin scale | Divides the range from the freezing point of water to the boiling point of water. |
| Absolute zero | The theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion ceases |
| Third law of thermodynamics | Physical law stating that it is impossible to reach absolute zero |
| Joule | SI unit of work and energy |
| Calorie | Equivalent to the kilocalorie; used in reference to the energy content of foods |
| Kinetic Molecular theory | A theory stating that the particles of matter are in constant random motion and that the properties of matter are consequences of that motion |
| Solid | State of matter in which the particles have relatively little energy and cannot overcome the attractive forces |
| Liquids | A state of matter in which the particles have enough energy to partially overcome the attractive forces |
| Gas | A state of matter in which the particles have enough energy to overcome the attractive forces |
| Plasma | Most abundant form of matter in the universe, consisting of a gaseous sea of high |
| Bose Einstein Condensate | The state of matter that exists at temperature close to absolute zero |
| Quark gluon plasma | A high-temperature state of matter that forms when nuclei collide with such energy that their protons and neutrons are broken down into a "soup" of elementary particles called quarks and gluons |
| Condensation | Physical change from the gaseous state to the liquid state |
| Vaporization | A physical change from the liquid state to the vapor or gaseous stage. |
| Freezing | Physical change from the liquid state to the solid state |
| Melting | Physical Change from the solid to the liquid state |
| Sublimation | Physical change from the solid directly to the gaseous state |
| Deposition | Physical change directly from a gaseous state to a solid |
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