CH 14
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| First line of defense | barriers that block invasion at the portal of entry, doesn't involve recognition of foreign substances, general in action
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| Second line of defense | nonspecific, internalized system of protective cells, inflammation and phagocytosis
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| Third line of defense | individual basis as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes
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| Skin | epithelial cell compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with keratin. thick, tough layer that is highly impervious and waterproof. few pathogens can penetrate this unbroken layer
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| Hair follicles | hair shaft periodically extruded. follicles cells are desquamated
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| Sweat glands | flushing effect of sweat glands help remove microbes
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| Mucous membranes of digestive, urinary and respiratory tracts, and of the eye | moist and permeable. provide barrier protection without keratinized layer. mucous coat impedes the entry and attachment of bacteria
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| Respiratory Tract | nasal hair traps larger particles. copious flow of mucus and fluids during allergies and colds exerts a flushing action. respiratory tree: ciliated epithelium moves foreign particles trapped in mucus toward the pharynx for removal
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| Genitourinary Tract | protection through the continuous trickle of urine through ureters and flushing of bladder emptying. Vaginal secretion provide cleansing of the lower reproductive tract in female
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| Resident microbiota | provides microbial antagonism. blocks access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces. creates unfavorable environments for pathogen: competes for nutrients & alters local pH
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| Lysozyme | found in tears and saliva
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| Skin and mucous membrane | Lysozyme, lactic acid and electrolyte concentrations in sweat, skins acidic pH, fatty acid content
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| Stomach | hydrochloric acid
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| Intestine | digestive juices, bile
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| Nonspecific chemical defenses: Other | semen has antimicrobial chemicals, vagina has a protective acidic pH maintained by normal biota
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| Genetic variations in host | some hosts are unaffected by infectious diseases that affect other host
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| Those with a loss or lack of complete immune system are more susceptible to infection | victims of severe burns. blockages of tear ducts, salivary glands, intestine or urinary tract
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| The first line of defense | is not sufficient to protect against infection
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| Immunology | study of all features of the body's second and third lines of defense. central to the study of the fields of cancer and allergy
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| Healthy, functioning immune system is reasonable for: | surveillance of the body. recognition of foreign material. destruction of entitles deemed to be foreign
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| White blood cells | move throughout the body, searching for potential pathogens
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| Markers | molecules on the surfaces of cells. composed of proteins and sugars. evaluated by cells of the immune system
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| Body compartments that participate in immune function | mononuclear phagocyte system. spaces surrounding tissue cells that contain extracellular fluid. bloodstream. lymphatic system
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| Microscopic level | clusters of tissue cells are in direct contact with reticular cells and ECF. blood and lymphatic capillaries are also present
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| Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) | support network of connective tissue fibers
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| Major function of the lymphatic system | provide an auxiliary route for return of extracellular fluid to the circulatory system.act as a"drain-off" system for the inflammatory response.render surveillance, recognition and protection against foreign materials, lymphocyte, phagocytes and antibody
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| Lymphs | plasmalike fluid carried by the lymphatic system. made up of water, dissolved salts, and 2-5% protein. transports numerous white blood cells, fat, cellular debris, and infectious agents
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| Lymph moves | in one direction only : from the extremities to the heart
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| Lymph transported | through the contraction of skeletal meeting
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| Houses aggregations of lymphocytes | thymus. lymph nodes. spleen.
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| Thymus | triangular structure in the pharyngeal region. largest proportionally at birth. exhibits high rates of growth and activity and growth until puberty. shrinks gradually through adulthood
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| Spleen | primary function is to removes worn-out red blood cells from circulation
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| Miscellaneous Lymphoid tissue | tonsils. breasts. GALT, MALT, SALT & BALT. peyer's patches
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| Whole blood | blood cells suspended in plasma. plasma clear, yellowish fluid. serum-contains no clotting factors, used in immune testing and therapy
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| Plasma | 92% or water. proteins: albumin, globulin, antibodies. fibrinogen and clotting factors. hormones. nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fatty acids. ions. dissolved gasses. and waste products
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| Hematopoiesis | production of blood cells. taken over by the lover and lymphatic organs. assumed permanently by the bone marrow
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| Stem cell | precursor to blood cells
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| White blood cell (leukocytes) | evaluated by reactions to hematologic stains that contain a mixture of dyes. appear with or without colored granules in the cytoplasm.
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| Granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils. functions in numerous physiological events
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| Neutrophils | 55-90% of circulatory leukocytes. production of toxic chemicals and phagocytosis
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| Eosinophils | granules contain peroxidase, lysozyme, and other digestive enzymes, toxic proteins, inflammatory chemicals. attack and destroy large eukaryotic pathogens
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| Basophils | make up less 0.5% of circulating WBCs. share morphological and functional characteristics of mast cells
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| Agranulocytes | globular, nonglobular nuclei. two general types: lymphocytes and monocyte
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| Lymphocytes | comprise 20-35% of circulating WBCs. three functional types: B lymphocytes-bursal equivalent, T lymphocytes- thymus-derived, Null cells.
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| Plasma cells | produce antibodies
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| Antibodies | large protein molecules that interlock with antigen and participate in their destruction
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| Cell-mediated immunity | wide spectrum of immune functions. modulate immune functions and kill foreign cells
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| Monocytes | largest of WBC. 3-7% of circulation. cytoplasm holds granules containing digestive enzymes. discharged by bone marrow into the bloodstream
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| Macrophages | monocytes that have left blood circulation. long-lived and able to multiply. among the most versatile and important of cells
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| Functions of macrophages | specific of nonspecific killing function
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| Dendritic cell | long, thin cell process. move from the blood to the MPS and lymphatic tissues where they trap pathogens. ingestion of bacteria and viruses stimulates them to move to the lymphs nodes and spleen
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| Erythrocytes | simple, biconcave sacks of hemoglobin that transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues. most numerous of all circulating cells. do not have immune function.
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| Platelets | sticky cells fragments circulating in blood. NOT whole cells. function in blood clotting.
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| Phagocytosis | to survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells. ingest and eliminate these materials. recognized immunogenic info (antigens) in foreign matter.
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| Neutrophils | early in the inflammatory response to bacteria, foreign materials, and damaged tissues. common sign of bacterial infection is a high neutrophil count
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| Eosinophils | attracted to sites of parasitic infection. play a minor phagocytic role in antigen-antibody reaction
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| Monocytes are transformed | into macrophages after emigrating out of the blood stream into the tissues due to chemical stimuli. increase in size. enhanced dev of lysosomes and other organelles
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| Histiocytes | specialized macrophages
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| Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) | recognized by phagocytes and other defensive cells. not present in mammals
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| Lysosomes | migrate to the scene of the phagosome and fuse with it to form the phagolysome. granules containing antimicrobial chemicals are released into the phagolysosome that destroys the ingested material. death of bacteria within 30 min
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| Rubor | redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues
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| Calor | warmth from the increased flow of blood
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| Tumor | swelling from increased fluid escaping from tissues
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| Dolor | pain caused by stimulation of nerve ending
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| Fifth sign of inflammation | loss of function
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| All signs of inflammation serve as a warning that injury has taken place | set in motion responses that saves the body from further injury
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| Chief functions of inflammation | to mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury. to set in motion mechanisms to repair tissue damage and localize and clear away harmful substances. destroy microbes and block their further invasion
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| Earliest changes in the vasculature | arterioles, capillaries, venules.
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| Changes controlled by chemical mediators and cytokines | released by blood cells, tissues cells, and platelets
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| Inflammatory mediators | causes fever, stimulate lymphocytes, prevents virus spread, and cause allergic reaction
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| Exudate | blood-borne components that escape into extracellular space
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| Edema | local swelling and firmness due to accumulation of exudate into the tissues
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| Diapedesis | movement of white blood cells from the bloodstream into the tissues
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| Chemotaxis | tendency of WBCs to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury or infection
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| Pus | whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria
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| Long-lived inflammatory reaction | tissue is completely repaired or replaced by a scar
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| Fever | abnormally elevated body temperature. nearly universal symptom of infection. also associated with certain allergies, cancer, and other organic illnesses
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| Low grade | 100* F to 101* F
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| Moderate | 102* F to 103* F
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| High | 104* F to 106* F
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| Exogenous | outside the body. products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and fungi. endotoxin. blood, blood products, vaccines, injectable solution
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| Endogenous | inside the body. released by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during the process of phagocytosis
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| Benefits of fever | impedes the nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron. increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes
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| Interferon | small protein produced naturally by certain WBCs and tissue cells. not a virus specific
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| Complement | consist of over 30 blood proteins. work together to destroy bacteria and viruses
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| Cascade reaction | sequential physiological process. first substance in a chemical series activates the next substance, which activates the next, and so on until the desired end product is reached
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| Classical complement pathway | begins when antibody binds to microbial cells
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| Iron | is required by humans and bacteria for enzymes and metabolism to function properly
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| Hemoglobin | located within red blood cells
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| Transferrin | found in blood and tissue fluids
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| Lactoferrin | found in milk, blood, tears, and saliva
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| Ferritin | found in every cell type
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| Short proteins | capable of inserting themselves into bacterial membranes. between 12-50 amino acids
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