World History Chapter 10
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| Moneychangers | men experienced in judging the approximate value of coins, discovering counterfeit currency, and determining one currency's value in relation to another
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| Who served as middlemen in trade between Europe and the Orient? | It was Italian merchants
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| What were the primary centers of trade on the local level in Europe? | Markets were the primary centers of trade
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| What were the centers of trade for large scale international trade? | They were Trade Fairs
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| Where did we get our word bank? | It comes from the Italian word, “banca,” which means bench, which referred to the tables at which moneychangers used
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| Charter | a legal document that outlined the privileges granted to a town by a feudal lord
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| Guilds | organizations whose primary function was to regulate the business activity of a given town
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| Apprentice | first class in a craft guild; lived in the home of a master and learned trade skills and proper conduct
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| Journeyman | second class of a craft guild; “day laborer”; could seek employment and earn wages of a skilled worker
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| Master | third class of a craft guild; could open his own shop and take on apprentices and journeymen
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| Hanseatic League | an association composed of more than seventy German cities in northwestern Europe, sought to organize and control trade in Sweden, Russia, Flanders and England
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| middle class | social class primarily composed of merchants, bankers, craftsmen, and skilled laborers
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| List four basic freedoms shared by most townspeople. | 1. Free Status 2. Exemption from Manorial Obligations 3. Town Justice - a court was conducted by the town for a townsperson’s crimes 4. Commercial Privileges - right to buy and sell freely in the town market
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| Why do you think the Hanseatic League maintained its own navy and waged war against countries? | they wanted to show that they were powerful and could protect themselves
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| Trivium | liberal arts curriculum consisting of grammar, rhetoric and logic
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| Quadrivium | liberal arts curriculum consisting of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music
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| Anselm | archbishop of Canterbury; view of relationship between reason and revelation is its important to use reason and faith to understand God’s revelation; best known for using logical arguments 2 support 2 doctrines: Gods existence/satisfaction of atonement
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| Peter Abelard | advocates the frequent asking of questions as the “first key to wisdom”; philosophy and theology professor in Paris; used critical thinking as the basis to solve questions of faith
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| Thomas Aquinas | “the prince of the Schoolmen”; Used Aristotle’s philosophy to understand theological ideas; he said when Aristotle’s teaching and the church’s teaching disagreed, the church was always right
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| Hundred years wars - | war between England and France during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; won by the French
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| Arch | a curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall above it.
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| Avignon | The French city where the pope moved to before the Great Schism and where one of the popes lived during the Great Schism; Clement VII was the pope in Avignon when the Great Schism began
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| Battle of Agincourt | One of the major battles won by the English over the French in the Hundred Years War
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| Black Death | Bubonic Plague that killed ⅔ of the European population, reduced labor, freed towns from feudal obligations, declined the church’s influence and disrupted trade
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| Flying Buttress | a buttress slanting from a separate pier, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports
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| Gothic Cathedral | a spacious and lofty place that created a sense of dignity and serenity
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| Great Schism | the period from the late fourteenth to early fifteenth century during which the Roman Catholic Church had two to three men claiming to be the pope
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| Guild | organizations whose primary function was to regulate the business activity of a given town
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| Isabella and Ferdinand | These two created Spain when they got married; Ferdinand was the heir to Aragon and Isabella was the heir to Castile; they authorized the Spanish Inquisition
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| Joan of Arc | woman who motivated France in the Hundred Years War and helped them win the war
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| Longbows | bows that were more accurate and had better range than the French’s crossbows; could penetrate some types of armor
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| Reconquista | the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which was held by the Muslims
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| Scholasticism | a twelfth-century intellectual movement that was characterized by a renewed interest in theology and philosophy
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| University | a center of learning in which students would travel far to learn from the best tutors
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| Vernacular | common spoken language
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