CSULB Spring 2009
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Non-empirical method
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| The question "I like statistics" Yes or No is a closed-ended or open-ended question? | show 🗑
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| show | Open-ended question
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| show | -1 to +1
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| What is the statistical notation for correlation? | show 🗑
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| show | Two
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| show | An experiment condition or variables assigned to a participant.
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| show | Nonexperimental research that measures two or more variables to determine the degree of relationship between them.
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| In regards to an experiment, what is an assignment? | show 🗑
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| In regards to an experiment, what is an observation? | show 🗑
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| show | The study method in which the researcher observes and records ongoing behavior but does not attempt to change it.
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| What is an archival research? | show 🗑
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| What is a case study? | show 🗑
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| show | Assessing public opinion or individual characteristics by the use of questionnaire and sampling methods.
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| show | The principles of interpretation of a text's meaning. Looks more at interpretation than causation.
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| What is a naturalistic observation? | show 🗑
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| what is unobtrusive research? | show 🗑
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| show | Another term for naturalistic observation. Emphasizing that the subjects are unaware that they are being studied.
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| show | It is an unobtrusive measure of behavior that uses physical evidence.
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| What is a loboratory observation? | show 🗑
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| What is a participant-observer research? | show 🗑
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| show | Factual information in existing records.
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| What does empirical data mean? | show 🗑
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| show | All members of some group
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| What are the three essential limitations? | show 🗑
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| What are three practical limitations on science? | show 🗑
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| show | To educate the public
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| show | 1) Conservative
2) Liberal
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| show | Research should be beneficial to society
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| show | Free speech
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| show | Fact
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| What does empirical refer to? | show 🗑
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| How are empirical data obtained? | show 🗑
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| Science is conservative because | show 🗑
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| Science is liberal because | show 🗑
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| show | Content validity
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| show | A group chosen from an entire population such that every member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being selected for the sample.
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| show | A random sample in which two or more sub samples are represented according to some pre determined proportion, generally in the same proportion as they exist in the population.
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| show | A group selected by using clusters or groupings from a larger population.
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| What is a multistage sampling? | show 🗑
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| Random sampling has a particular scientific meaning, or a non-particular scientific meaning? | show 🗑
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| show | The population that is available and actually sampled.
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| What is each individual called in a sampling frame? | show 🗑
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| Simple random samples are feasible only with relatively small populations. True or False? | show 🗑
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| show | Multistage
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| What is face validity? | show 🗑
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| If you wanted to reflect the correct proportions of a variable (ex. Gender) of a population, what form of sampling would you use? | show 🗑
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| show | A constant bias
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| show | Research design that measures the behavior of a single group of subjects after they are given a treatment.
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| The response that is not associated with the independent variable is known as _____. | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| What is randomized-response method? | show 🗑
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| show | Social desirability bias.
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| show | Construct Validity
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| A valid test of intelligence should correlate highly with other intelligence tests is an example of what type of validity? | show 🗑
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| show | Two. Systematic error and random error.
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| Research design that measures the behavior of a single group of subjects after they are given a treatment. | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of criterion validity? | show 🗑
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| show | Set of techniques for determining the effectiveness of a social service program.
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| show | People in an organization who stand to gain or lose by any change in it.
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| show | An evaluation of the quality of a project, often after it is completed.
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| What is formative evaluation? | show 🗑
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| show | A set of methods for combining the results of many studies.
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| show | Stakeholders, Arrange preliminary meetings, decide whether an evaluation should be done, examine the literature, determine the mythology and present a written proposal.
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| What are some sources of resistance to program evaluation? | show 🗑
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| What techniques are used in a program evaluation? | show 🗑
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| When we document what is statistically common, what do we contribute to? | show 🗑
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| show | A social enterprise, subject to all the types of human bias.
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| show | The measurement error that is associated with consistent bias.
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| show | Test-retest reliability
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| show | The degree to which the same test score would be obtained on another occasion.
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| When various items on a test are measures of the same thing this is called ______. | show 🗑
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| What is a quasi experiment? | show 🗑
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| An example of internal consistency in which reliability is determined when the items on a test are divided into two sets as if they were two separate tests is called _____. | show 🗑
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| show | A group of subjects that is not randomly selected from the same population as the experimental group.
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| Why are quasi experiments called ex post facto? | show 🗑
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| show | Research design having both an experimental and a control group wherein subjects are not randomly assigned to groups
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| What is a cross-sectional study? | show 🗑
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| The word cohort means? | show 🗑
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| show | Cross sectional study tests different groups, while longitudinal study test same individuals in a single cohort over the course of time.
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| What is a secular trend? | show 🗑
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| show | A design which is used to separate developmental, cohort and secular trends.
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| show | The effect resulting from comparing subjects of the same age at different times, in a cross sequential design.
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| show | Design where treatment is withdrawn and then presented a second time.
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| show | Internal, construct, external, statistical
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| What is Internal validity? | show 🗑
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| What does Confounding mean? | show 🗑
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| What is a subject variable? | show 🗑
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| What is construct validity? | show 🗑
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| show | How well the findings of an experiment generalize to other situations or populations.
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| What is Statistical validity? | show 🗑
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| What are some threats to Internal validity? | show 🗑
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| How does History threaten Internal validity? | show 🗑
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| show | Maturation is a source of error in an experiment related to the amount of time between measurements.
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| How can effects of testing threaten Internal validity? | show 🗑
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| How does the Regression Effect threaten Internal validity? | show 🗑
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| show | Random error is that part of the value of a variable that can be attributed to chance.
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| In regards to threats to Internal validity, what is Selection? | show 🗑
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| In regards to threats to Internal validity, what is Mortality? | show 🗑
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| What are 2 threats to Construct validity? | show 🗑
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| show | The tendency of experimental participants to act according to what they think the experimenter wants.
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| show | The tendency of experimental participants to alter their behavior to appear as socially desirable as possible.
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| show | Subjects may not generalize to other populations.
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| What is the definition of power? | show 🗑
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| Definition of Clinical significance | show 🗑
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| show | The measure of behavior before treatment that establishes a reference point for evaluating the effective treatment.
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| Definition of A-B design | show 🗑
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| show | Research design that includes a baseline period, a treatment period, and a subsequent withdrawal of treatment.
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| Definition of A-B-A-B design | show 🗑
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| Advantages of single subject design | show 🗑
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| Disadvantages to single subject design | show 🗑
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| show | Obtaining a stable baselineComparison (AB design) Withdrawal of treatment (ABA design)Repeating treatment (ABAB design)
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| show | Increasing the size of the effectIncreasing the size of the sample
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| What does empirical mean? | show 🗑
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| show | False, it is non-empirical.
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| What is logic? | show 🗑
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| show | This is a spontaneous perception or judgment not based on reasoned mental steps.
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| show | This is practical intelligence shared by a large group of people steps.
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| show | The first is that common sense differs due to time, place, attitudes, and experience. The second is that the only criterion for judging the truth of common sense is whether or not it works.
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| show | It is something that goes against common sense.
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| show | 1. Defining the problem
2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Collecting data
4. Drawing conclusions
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| Define science. | show 🗑
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| show | True.
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| T or F-Science is not objective | show 🗑
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| T or F-When something is discovered in science it cannot be changed | show 🗑
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| show | Science.
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| show | True.
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| Tor F- Psychology is a science essentially like any other science | show 🗑
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| show | The philosophy that objects perceived have an existence outside the mind.
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| What is rationality? | show 🗑
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| show | A belief that phenomena exist in recurring patterns that conform with universal laws.
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| What is discoverability? | show 🗑
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| Define determinism. | show 🗑
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| show | A statement that certain events are regularly associated with each other in an orderly way.
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| Fill in. _________ plays a diminished role in science compared with other social institutions. | show 🗑
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| What is the ultimate goal of science? | show 🗑
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| Why is a nonequivalent control group is considered a quasi experiment? | show 🗑
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| One of the most powerful control techniques is to have each participant experience every condition of the experiment (True/False) This is an example of what type of group experiment?? | show 🗑
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| What does Manifest Content mean? | show 🗑
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| show | They examine individual instances, or cases, of some phenomenon.
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| This type of research uses physical evidence of behavior. | show 🗑
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| Theory development and testing are more flexible in archival research and _______ research | show 🗑
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| show | Systematic, Selective
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| Type of content as interpreted by a researcher. | show 🗑
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| What is a Pilot Study | show 🗑
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| Before data analysis is begun, and to protect the researcher from temptation to fudge data to make them fit the hypothesis, original data sheets should be…? | show 🗑
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| A protocol is…? | show 🗑
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| show | Four, 4
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| show | Because it is inherently subjective.
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| Having the subject as their own controls in a control method is common in what areas of psychology? | show 🗑
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| To determine to use a within subjects design it should contain these three criteria | show 🗑
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| Term? The allocation of subjects to conditions is random when each subject has an equal and independent chance of being assigned to every condition. This process is called.. | show 🗑
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| Term? All potential confounding variables associated with the group members can be ruled out except when they become associated with the conditions by chance when using.. | show 🗑
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| show | False. …tests are not valid.
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| When the subjects differ among themselves on an independent variable known or suspected to affect the dependent variable of interest, (what??) ___?___ might be necessary. | show 🗑
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| Nuisance variables (a condition in an experiment that cannot easily be removed) that cannot easily be removed from the experiment may be controlled by making them (what type??)_____?_____ variables in the experiment | show 🗑
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| When you have used matching control procedure to match your subjects there is no need to randomly allocate the members of the pairs to conditions. True/False | show 🗑
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| show | Aspect of a testing condition that can change or take on
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| show | A measure of the subjects behavior that reflects the independent variables effects
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| What is frequency | show 🗑
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| What is rate? | show 🗑
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| What is duration? | show 🗑
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| What is latency? | show 🗑
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| show | The shape or style of the behavior
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| show | The intensity or strength of a behavior.
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| What is locus? | show 🗑
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| What is an independent variable? | show 🗑
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| show | Other subjects, other times, other settings.
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| show | Mainly younger participants are involved in research, which may not generalize to the population.
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| How do time differences threaten external validity? | show 🗑
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| How do other settings threaten external validity? | show 🗑
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| What is a one-group pretest-posttest design? | show 🗑
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| show | Incorrect use of statistics and the problem of power (too small of an IV).
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| What is the threat to validity In a one –group pretest-posttest design | show 🗑
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| show | The participants' expectations of what an experiment requires them to do.
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| What are two ways to minimize experimental bias? | show 🗑
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| What is a multiple baseline design? | show 🗑
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| show | A research design that introduces successively more stringent criteria for reinforcement to see if behavior change coincides with the changing criteria.
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| show | The multiple baseline design.
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| show | The multiple baseline design.
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| show | The Changing criterion design.
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| show | Psychophysical.
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| If a researcher is trying to determine if rewarding a child with mental retardation for doing certain personal tasks is effective what experimental design would they use? | show 🗑
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| A child is unable to sit still in class. The teacher rewards the child for sitting still for 5 minutes until performance is stable, then the criterion may be set at 10 minutes, then later 15and so forth. What experimental design is this? | show 🗑
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| Are changing criterion and multiple baseline designs forms of operant conditioning? | show 🗑
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| show | liberal
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| show | Youngest
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| show | Missing data code
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| show | Outliers
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| Empty cells in a data matrix. | show 🗑
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| Data points that fall outside the defined range for that variable of data. Data that can be entered by mistake. | show 🗑
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| show | Both
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| Can a mixed factorial have at least one within subject or one between subject? | show 🗑
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| show | Coding Guide
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| show | Yes
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| show | A mixed factorial design
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| Which design uses all combinations of two or more independent variables? | show 🗑
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| show | All
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| show | The abstract is a brief summary of the paper and includes elements from the introduction, method, results, and discussion sections.
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| In a factorial experiment what is the main effect of one variable? | show 🗑
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| show | Sam i am.
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| show | Within-subjects factorial design
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| show | Box-and-Whisker Plot
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| show | Between-subjects factorial design.
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| show | the process of informing subjects after the session of the experiments true purpose to increase their understanding and to remove possible harmful effects of deception.
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| Transcribing data from individual data sheets to a summary form; reducing data. | show 🗑
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| show | Error Bars
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| What is the goal of an introduction? | show 🗑
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| show | The methods section tells what you did in the experiment in such a way that another person can evaluate the validity of the conclusions of the study and can repeat it in all essentials.
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| What is the goal of the results section? | show 🗑
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| show | The discussion section interprets the results and relates them to the literature. It states the contributions that the study makes to the understanding of the problem posed in the introduction.
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| Why is documentation important? | show 🗑
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| show | The reference list contains an entry for each work cited in the text and no others.
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| Mathematical means of comparing subjects on paper when they cannot be equated as they exist in fact | show 🗑
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| show | Inferential Statistics
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| show | Replication
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| The two types of replication that are commonly distinguished are? | show 🗑
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| The simplest experiment that will a convincing and clear hypothesis? | show 🗑
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| show | Ethical and Practical Consideration
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| show | The size of the effect and Anticipated Variability of the data
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| The power of the experiment increases proportionally with? | show 🗑
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| show | Independent Variables
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| What kind of observation is consent not necessary? | show 🗑
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| What is invisible college? | show 🗑
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| show | A group of people who share common goals, a public forum, common knowledge, and a specialized language
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| What is an argument? | show 🗑
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| What is a thesis? | show 🗑
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| Since some science is based on financial support, it is considered? | show 🗑
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| show | The government
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| show | Private funding
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| Private industry supports how much of all research in the U.S.? | show 🗑
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| “Science is agnostic” is an? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized for being a conservative theory. True of False | show 🗑
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| _____ Psychology dates from about 1960. | show 🗑
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| show | Social
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| show | Clarity, brevity, and felicity.
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| show | Documentation of an idea from one work that is reported in another one.
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| show | The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
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| show | Sexism and ethnic bias.
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| show | To convey the main idea of the paper in a few words.
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| show | In the order of importance of their contributions.
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| What is an open-ended question? | show 🗑
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| What is a closed-ended question? | show 🗑
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| show | Categories defined so that membership in one rules out all possibilities “non graduates” would ensuremembership in another
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| Categories defined so that all possible cases will fall into one of them is called… | show 🗑
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| What is social desirability? | show 🗑
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| show | A biased question
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| show | A collection of items on a questionnaire designed to detect dishonest answers
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| What is acquiescience? | show 🗑
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| The categories “undergraduate” and “graduate” are __________ because you cannot be both at the same time. | show 🗑
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| show | A question that asks for a response by marking a line between the minimum or maximum value for the statement
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| show | A question that asks for a rating of the extent of agreement or disagreement with a statement; a rating scale
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| What is a response rate? | show 🗑
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| show | Population subgroup for whose selection the researcher uses hit-or-miss methods
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| show | A nonrandom sample that is chosen for some characteristic that is possesses
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| show | A nonrandom sample that is chosen for practical reasons
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| What is a random sample? | show 🗑
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| show | A population as it is defined for the purposes of selecting subjects for a study
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| What is an element? | show 🗑
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| What is a systematic sample? | show 🗑
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| show | Open-ended question
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| show | What do I expect to accomplish?
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| Which types of questions are easier to code and analyze? | show 🗑
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| show | It is double-barreled: it contains both an opinion about grading and a reason for grading
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| show | Acquiescence
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| show | Visual analogue scale
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| show | Presents the matter the other side of the argument; for example: women should be allowed to decide for “themselves whether to continue a pregnancy” and “abortions should be restricted by law”
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| A graph in which the abscissa (x-axis) represents time | show 🗑
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| show | A display of data in a matrix format
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| show | A representation of data by spatial relationships in a diagram.
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| show | A graph that shows the number of scores that fall into specific bins, or divisions of the variable.
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| What are the characteristics of a histogram? | show 🗑
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| What is a frequency polygon? | show 🗑
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| show | It is bell shaped.
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| What does skewed mean? | show 🗑
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| show | Cumulative Frequency Distribution
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| show | A graph showing the responses of a number of individuals on two variables; visual display of correlational data.
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| show | A division of the subjects in a study into two groups of equal size on the basis of one of the variables
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| A graphical representation using lines to show relationships between quantitative variables is a ____________. | show 🗑
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| show | Bar
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| show | The different values of an independent variable
🗑
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| What is a subject variable? | show 🗑
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| What is a confounded variable? | show 🗑
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| show | One that varies in amount.
🗑
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| show | One that varies in kind.
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| show | One that falls along a continuum and is not limited to a certain number of values.
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| show | One that falls into separate bins with no intermediate values possible.
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| show | The point indicated by a number.
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| show | The interval defined by the number plus or minus half the distance to the next number
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| What is measurement? | show 🗑
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| What is a nominal scale? | show 🗑
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| What is an ordinal scale? | show 🗑
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| What is an interval scale? | show 🗑
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| True or false: Do psychologists try to minimize pain of animal subjects in research? | show 🗑
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||||
| show | Idea that animals have the same kind of rights as people, including legal rights.
🗑
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| Is the notion of animal rights generally accepted? | show 🗑
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| What does animal welfare refer to? | show 🗑
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| What is speciesism? | show 🗑
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| show | Less than 1%
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| What percent of animals in research are rats and mice? | show 🗑
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| show | true
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| show | true
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| What is the general position of researchers on animal research? | show 🗑
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| What was the research importance of the case of the silver spring monkeys? | show 🗑
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| Do institutions doing animal research have animal care committees that oversee the operation of animal facilities? | show 🗑
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| Should there be documentation showing that the participant gave informed consent? | show 🗑
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| show | Animal welfare.
🗑
|
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| What is a ratio scale? | show 🗑
|
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| What is reliability? | show 🗑
|
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| What is validity? | show 🗑
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| show | Subject variables
🗑
|
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| Tattoos, death, age, diseases, and geographical locations are examples of what? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Nominal
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| Placing 2nd in a race is what type of scale of measurement? | show 🗑
|
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| show | Interval
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|
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| show | Ratio
🗑
|
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| show | The consensus of the psychology profession about what is considered acceptable practice.
🗑
|
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| show | Institutional Review Board.
🗑
|
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| show | To insure that the participant is taking part volunteer and is aware of what is about to happen.
🗑
|
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| What should be included in an informed consent? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Saying the participants need to be informed only the aspects of the research that might be expected to influence their decision to participate.
🗑
|
||||
| Is the participant required to continue in the experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the participant who has been deceived must be provided with a sufficient explanation of the deception after the experiment is completed.
🗑
|
||||
| True or False: All psychological research should be guided by the APA ethics code. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. The commitment to expanding knowledge.
2. Potential cost to research participants.
🗑
|
||||
| There should be some _________ showing that the participant gave informed consent to participate. | show 🗑
|
||||
| It is impossible to avoid all risk to research participants, but what should researchers consider when conducting an experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When can the Latin square technique be used? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Within-subjects control of order and sequence effects may be achieved by what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| In one factor experiments, the levels of the variables are sometimes called _______ or ______. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Two.
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most important difference between a true experiment and a quasi experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| This is a type of experiment in which the investigator lacks the degree of control over the conditions that is possible in a true experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What research design involves more than two conditions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What simple research design involves only two conditions? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a control procedure in which each subject experiences each condition in a different order from other subjects.
🗑
|
||||
| The method of control in which conditions are presented in order the first time and then in reverse order is called _________________. | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is a true experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is an independent variable of an experiment? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Level
🗑
|
||||
| What is a condition? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Treatment
🗑
|
||||
| _______ effects are those that result from the (ordinal) position in which the condition appears in an experiment, regardless of the specific condition that is experienced. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Sequence effects are changes in a subject’s performance resulting from what? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Controlling for order and sequence effects by arranging that subjects experience the various conditions in different orders.
🗑
|
||||
| A useful variation on randomizing to control for order and sequence effects is ______________? | show 🗑
|
||||
| The method of control in which conditions are presented in order the first time and then in reverse order is called _________________. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Research design that involves all combinations or at least two or more independent variables (12.1 – 2 X 2 X 2 Factorial)Factorial Design | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Main effect
🗑
|
||||
| When the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of another independent variable. Look at Table(s) (12.2 – 12.4). | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Antagonistic Interaction
🗑
|
||||
| An interaction in which the two independent variables reinforce each other’s effects. Figures 12.8-12.9 | show 🗑
|
||||
| Interaction in which one variable has a smaller effect when paired with a higher levels of a second variable. Figure 12.10-12.11 | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| In 3 X 2 X 4 study, how many factors are there? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 6 levels and 8 conditions
🗑
|
||||
| show | The different possible combinations of an Independent Variable
🗑
|
||||
| What is a reason for conducting a factorial design? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What do factorial designs allow one to study? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | With graphical representation it is easier to see whether the curves are parallel
🗑
|
||||
| show | False
🗑
|
||||
| show | Two-by-two design (2x2)
🗑
|
||||
| How many combinations of variables does a 2x2 design contain? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| What factorial design is most common among experimenters? | show 🗑
|
||||
| True of False: It is desirable to have many factors and levels in a factorial design. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Column means
🗑
|
||||
| show | Row means
🗑
|
||||
| To find out whether fuzziness, color, or noisiness was responsible for a child’s attraction to a toy, what factorial design would be used? | show 🗑
|
||||
| You are studying whether attractiveness or facial expression have effect on judged guiltiness. How many combinations of conditions would you have? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If two independent variables show a main effect but the variables do not show an interaction. What can be said about the variables? | show 🗑
|
||||
| True or False: A factorial design utilizes every combination of two or more independent variables, each with two levels. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | To study the joint effect of two or more independent variables.
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| show | True
🗑
|
||||
| When a graph of a factorial experiment has non parallel lines what does it mean? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False, the nature of the interaction must be taken into account
🗑
|
||||
| When does an interaction exist between two independent variables? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | False, more than one rival hypothesis
🗑
|
||||
| show | A survey
🗑
|
||||
| What is a major function of surveys? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What helps determine whether or not a person is lying or trying to make themselves look better on a survey? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When participants have the tendency to agree with any statement on the survey, which bias is this called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When a scale looks like this Agree---------------------Disagree and the participants can choose their degree of agreement or disagreement, what is it called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| When a scale looks like this Agree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Disagree, what is it called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| If a survey’s first question asks if you drink for one question and if the answer is no, you skip to question 9, this is called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | It reduces bias; for example, if the survey is about drinking, the researcher needs to ask whether or not they drink first in order to see if the survey will be relevant to them or not
🗑
|
||||
| show | Face-to-face, written, computerized, and by telephone
🗑
|
||||
| What are the advantages of a face-to-face survey? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What are the disadvantages of a face-to-face survey? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What is the main advantage of written questionnaires? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Response rate; usually drop-off and mail administration can have as low of response rates as less than 50%
🗑
|
||||
| Which sample would favor a group of people more than others? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Which sample would only survey the presidents of leading colleges? | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Convenience sample
🗑
|
||||
| show | Probability samples
🗑
|
||||
| The population that you will work with for your particular study is called? | show 🗑
|
||||
| What sample is achieved by choosing every nth person from a list? | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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