L-Spine, Sacrum, and Coccyx
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| Which projection will best demonstrate spondylolisthesis? | Lateral position
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| Where is the Xiphoid Process? | T9 and T10
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| Where is the Costal Margin? | L2 and L3
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| Where is the Iliac Crest? | L4 and L5
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| Where is the ASIS? | S1 and S2
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| Which projections are used after a spinal fusion surgery? | R/L bending. (Hypertension/Hyperflexion)
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| Who is the Sacrum angled more posteriorly on? | Female
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| How do you tell if a patient is over/under rotated on an oblique L-Spine? | Over- If the Pedicle is located posteriorly. Under- If the Pedicle is located anteriorly.
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| What is the body rotation, CR angle, and placement for oblique SI joints? | Body rotated- 25 to 30 degrees. CR angle- No angle. Placement- Direct CR 1in medially to upside ASIS.
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| Which side is built up (With a block of wood) on the second position for the Ferguson? | The side with a convex curve
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| Which position for SI joints will best demonstrate the left joint? | RPO
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| How do you correct for superimposition of the coccyx on the symphasis pubis? | Increase Cauded CR angle from 10 to 15 degrees
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| What is the CR angle, placement, and centering for AP coccyx? | Angle 10 degrees cauded. Direct CR 2 in above pubis.
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| What is the CR angle, placement, and centering for AP Sacrum? | CR is 15 degree cephalad. Direct CR 2 in above pubis.
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| If a patient has Scoliosis which side should be down? | The convex side of the spine.
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| How do you demonstrate the lower portion of the SI joints on an oblique position? | Angle 15 to 20 degrees cephalad
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| What are the CR angles for AP Axial L5-S1 position? | Males- 30 degrees cephalad Females- 35 degrees cephalad
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| Can AEC sensors be used on a lateral L5-S1 position? | Yes
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| Where does the CR need to be parallel to on a lateral L5-S1 position? | Parallel to the Interiliac Plane
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| How much bone loss needs to happen in order for conventional radiography to detect it? | 30%
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| What term is interchangeable with the term zygapophyseal joint? | Facet
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| What is the largest vertebral body? | Lumbar vertebral body
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| What is the lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes? | Pars Interarticularis
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| What two structures of the Sacrum form the Zygapophyseal joints? | The two superior articular processes
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| What is the first sacral opening that contains certain sacral nerves? | Sacral canal
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| How many coccygeal segments are fused on an adult coccyx? | 3-5 (Average of four)
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| Is the CR Sacrum angle, angled more cephalad for women or men? | Women
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| What angle is used to demonstrate the intervertebral foramina for a lateral L spine? | 90 degrees
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| What angle is used for Oblique Zygapophyseal joints? | 45 degrees
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| Zygapophyseal joints (Posterior obliques)downside- | RPO-Right joints LPO-Left joints
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| Zygapophyseal joints (Anterior obliques)Upside- | RAO-Left joints LAO-Right joints
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| What joint classification of L-spines are Zygapophyseal joints? | Synovial, Diarthrodial, and plane or gliding
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| What joint classification of L-spines are Intervertebral joints? | Cartilaginous, Amphiarthrodial (Slightly movable)
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| For an AP projection of the L-spine, should the knees be flexed? | Yes
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| Computed Tomography (CT) | The presence and extent of fractures, disk disease, and neoplastic disease.
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| Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) | Soft tissue structures of the lumbar spine
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| Nuclear Medicine | Detection of skeletal pathologic process
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| Bone Densitometry | Hyperparathyroidism estrogen deficiency, advancing age, and lifestyle factors
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| Myelography | Requires injection of contrast medium to visualize the soft tissue structures of the spinal canal.
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| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses up the vertebral column
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| Compression Fractures | The superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body are driven together producing a wedged shaped vertebrae
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| Chance Fractures | Result from a Hyperflexion force that causes fracture through the vertebral body and posterior elements
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| Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) | also commonly known as a Herniated Lumbar Disk (Slipped Disk) is usually due to trauma or improper lifting
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| Lordosis | Describes the normal concave curvature of the lumbar spine and an abnormal or exaggerated concave lumbar curvature
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| Scoliosis | Lateral curvature of the vertebral column
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| Spina Bifida | a congenital condition in which the posterior aspects of the vertebrae fail to develop, thus exposing part of the spinal cord
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| Spondylolisthesis | involves the forward movement of one vertebrae in relation to another
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| Spondylolysis | the dislocation of a vertebrae.
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| What angle Is used to visualize a L1-L2 vertebrae? | 50 degrees
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| What angle is used to visualize the L3-L4 vertebrae? | 45 degrees
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| What angle is used to visualize the L5-S1 vertebrae? | 30 degrees
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