terms used in yr 11 chemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| accuracy | closeness to the true value
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| acid | substance or solution which shows properties characteristic of the presence of hydrogen ions e.g.turns moist litmus red, sour taste
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| acidity | extent of acid properties
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| activation energy | energy needed to begin a chemical reaction
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| addition polymer | polymer formed by adding together of monomer molecules containing C=C
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| alkane | hydrocarbon with general formula CnH2n+2
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| alkanol | molecule saturated with hydrogen like an alkane and containing an alcohol functional group –OH; general formula CnH2n+1OH
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| alkene | hydrocarbon with general formula CnH2n
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| allotropes | different physical forms of an element
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| alloy | mixture of metal with other element(s) that are usually metal(s)
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| amphiprotic | ionic or molecular species which can act both as an acid by donating protons and a base by accepting protons
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| anaerobic | without oxygen or air
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| analyse | identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications
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| anionic | negatively charged
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| anode | electrode at which oxidation occurs
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| antifreeze | chemical added to water to lower its freezing point
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| apply | use in a particular situation
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| aq | phase descriptor for aqueous solution
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| aqueous solution | solution with water as the solvent
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| Arrhenius theory of acids and bases | acid produces hydrogen ions in water while a base produces hydroxide ions in water
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| artefact | object made by human hand
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| assess | make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size
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| atmosphere | layer of gas around the Earth
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| atomic absorption spectroscopy | AAS; a technique able to measure the amount of element present in ppm or ppb
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| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom; unique number for each element
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| atomic radius | radius of an atom usually measured in picometres (10-12 m)
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| atomic structure | arrangement of protons and neutrons in a nucleus surrounded by electrons in shells
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| Avogadro’s law | equal volumes of gases, at the same conditions of temperature and pressure, contain the same number of molecules
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| balanced formulae equation | chemical reactions expressed in formulas and balanced so that there is the same number of each type of atom on reactants side and products side e.g. 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O
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| base | substance or solution which shows properties characteristic of the presence of hydroxide ions e.g.turns moist litmus blue, slippery feel
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| basicity | extent of base properties
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| biomass | organic matter produced by photosynthesis; mostly cellulose
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| biopolymer | naturally occurring polymer produced using renewable resources like micro-organisms or plants
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| biosphere | parts of the Earth where life is found
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| boiling point | temperature at which liquid rapidly changes with bubble formation to gas
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| bond | attraction
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| bond-breaking | energy absorbing process in which atoms, ions or molecules are broken apart
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| bond-making | energy releasing process in which atoms, ions or molecules come together forming a bond
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| brass | alloy of copper and zinc
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| brine | concentrated salt solution
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| Bronsted-Lowry theory | acids are proton donors, bases are proton acceptors
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| Bronze Age | Age between Stone Age and Iron Age when the most valued tools and weapons were made of bronze
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| buffer | mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base able to resist change in pH
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| button cell | galvanic cell shaped like a button
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| calculate | determine from given facts, figures or information
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| calorimetry | measurement of heat change
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| carbohydrate | compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the hydrogen:oxygen ratio the same as in water
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| carbon-12 | isotope of carbon containing six protons and six neutrons in the nucleus
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| carboxylic acid | acid containing a carboxylic functional group –COOH
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| carboxylic acids | acids that contain the –COOH functional group
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| catalyst | substance which speeds up a chemical reaction and remains unchanged at the end of the reaction
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| catchment | area from which something comes; a water catchment is land bound by hills or mountains from which surface or ground water flows
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| cathode | electrode at which reduction occurs
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| cationic | postitively charged
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| chemical change | change in a substance that involves rearrangement of particles into new combinations; at least one new substance produced
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| chemical property | property of a substance reacting with another chemical
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| chlorofluorocarbon | CFC; compound of chlorine, fluorine and carbon only
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| chronology | order of past events in time
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| collaboration | working together effectively
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| collating information | comparing different sources in order to note points of agreement and disagreement
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| combining power (valency) | predictor of how many of an atom will combine with atoms of other elements; determined by the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atom
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| combustion | exothermic chemical reaction in which a chemical reacts with oxygen, always releasing heat and often light
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| compare | show how things are similar or different
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| complete combustion | combustion in which all reacting elements react fully with oxygen e.g. complete combustion of a hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide and water
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| compound | pure substance containing two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio of mass and particles
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| concentrated | solution containing a large amount of solute in the solvent
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| concentration | a measure of the quantity of dissolved substance in a stated quantity of solution
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| condensation polymer | polymer formed by monomer molecules condensing out a small molecule such as water
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| conductivity | ability to allow passage of electricity/heat
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| conjugate acid | acid formed by addition of H+ to a base
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| conjugate base | base formed by removal of H+ from an acid
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| conservation | the act of saving or preserving
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| coordinate covalent bond | covalent bond where the shared pair of electrons come from only one of the atoms joined
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| corrosion | deterioration of any material or its properties because of chemical reaction with its environment
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| covalent | involves sharing of electrons between atoms
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| covalent bond | force of attraction between two atoms formed by sharing of a pair of electrons; a single covalent bond = 1 pair, a double covalent bond = 2 pairs, a triple covalent bond = 3 pairs of electrons
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| covalent compound | compound made up of atoms joined by covalent bonds
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| covalent lattice | related to extensive three-dimensional structures of atoms joined by covalent bonds; covalent network
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| covalent molecular | related to small molecules
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| covalent network | related to extensive three-dimensional structures of atomsjoined by covalent bonds; covalent lattice
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| data | facts or figures that can be used to draw conclusions
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| data logger | device for storing data
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| decarbonate | removal of carbon dioxide from a solution or a solid
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| decomposition | reaction in which one substance forms two or more substances
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| dehydrating agent | chemical which removes water from other chemicals
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| dehydration | loss of water
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| density | density = mass / volume
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| describe | provide characteristics and features
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| design | provide the steps for an experiment, procedure or investigation
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| destructive testing | testing of a material that changes its properties
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| detergent | cleaning agent with surface active properties
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| diaphragm process | process in which a diaphragm separates hydrogen gas and chlorine gas produced in the electrolysis of concentrated salt solution to sodium hydroxide solution
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| dilute | solution containing a small amount of solute in the solvent
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| dipole-dipole forces | attractive forces between polar molecules
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| discuss | identify issues and provide points for and/or against
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| dispersion forces | forces of attraction that occur between all molecules
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| dissolution | dissolving
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| dissolved oxygen | DO; amount of dissolved oxygen in a water sample
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| Eø | electrical potential
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| electrode | metal or graphite which transfers electrons to or from an electrolyte
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| electrolysis | chemical reaction requiring electrical energy
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| electrolyte | liquid substance or solution through which ions can move
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| electrolytic cell | arrangement of chemicals in which electrical energy can be used to produce new chemicals
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| electron configuration | arrangement of electrons in an atom e.g. 2.4 for carbon shows there are 2 electrons in the energy level closest to the nucleus and 4 electrons in the next
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| electronegativity | ability of a neutral atom to attract extra electrons (low for metals, high for non-metals)
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| element | pure substance consisting entirely of atoms with the same positive nuclear charge (that is the same atomic number)
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| empirical formula | formula giving the simplest whole number ratio of particles in a compound
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| emulsifier | surface active agent that stabilises an emulsion
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| emulsion | dispersion of one liquid in another liquid
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| endothermic | change or reaction which absorbs heat
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| energy profile diagram | graph showing change in the total amount of energy in all the chemicals as a reaction goes from reactants to products
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| energy transfer | movement of the same sort of energy between objects or locations
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| energy transformation | change from one form of energy to another e.g. chemical to heat
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| equilibrium | situation in a reversible reaction in a closed system where the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse reaction
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| equilibrium constant | numerical value calculated for a particular equilibrium equation at a fixed temperature; symbol K
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| equivalence point | point in a titration at which the reactants have completely reacted together in the ratio of mole quantities given in the balanced equation for the reaction
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| ethical | following rules or standards for right conduct or practice
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| eutrophication | excessive growth of organisms followed by decay and depletion of oxygen concentration resulting from increase in nutrient content of a body of water
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| evaluate | make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of
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| exothermic | change or reaction which releases heat energy
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| explain | relate cause and effect
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| explosion | rapid release of energy and/or matter
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| explosive combustion | combustion that rapidly releases heat and gases causing an explosion
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| explosive combustion | combustion that rapidly releases heat and gases causing an explosion
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| fermentation | controlled chemical change catalysed by enzymes from organisms such as yeast
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| first ionisation energy | energy required to remove a single electron from a gaseous atom; usually measured in kJ per mole of atoms
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| fossil fuel | fuel, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas, formed from the remains of past life on Earth
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| fractional distillation | distillation of a mixture of liquids into fractions of different boiling point ranges
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| free radical | atom or molecule with unpaired electron(s)
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| fuel cell | cell releasing electrical energy in which a flow of fuel is oxidised without burning
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| functional group | distinctive reactive part of an organic molecule e.g. in alkenes the functional group is C=C
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| galvanic cell | arrangement of chemicals capable of releasing electrical energy from chemical energy; commonly called a battery
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| gravimetric analysis | quantitative analysis using weighing
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| group | vertical column of the Periodic Table
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| habitat | locality where organism(s) live
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| haloalkane | saturated hydrocarbon containing at least one halogen atom per molecule
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| halon | bromine containing compound which can cause breakdown of ozone in the atmosphere
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| hardness (of solid) | ability to resist applied pressure
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| hardness (of water) | degree to which water is hard to lather with soap
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| heat of combustion | heat change when a substance is combusted
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| heavy metal | metal with a density above 5 g cm-3; most of these metals are poisonous
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| homologous series | series of chemicals with the same functional group that show a gradual change in properties
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| hydrogen bonding | bonding between the hydrogen attached to a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom and a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom in a nearby molecule
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| hydrosphere | layer of water around the Earth including fresh water and salt water
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| hydrothermal vent | opening in the ocean floor out of which hot water containing dissolved minerals passes
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| identify | recognise and name
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| ignition temperature | temperature at which a substance in contact with air starts to burn
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| incomplete combustion | combustion in which at least some reacting elements do not react fully with oxygen e.g. incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon producing carbon monoxide or carbon rather than carbon dioxide
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| indicator | substance that changes (usually in colour) when there is a change in the chemical nature of a system; an acid-base indicator changes colour according to pH
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| information | meaningful data; data that has been processed so that it takes on meaning
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| intermolecular forces | forces of attraction between molecules – dispersion forces between all molecules, dipole-dipole forces between polar molecules, hydrogen bonding between molecules with a hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine atom
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| ion | charged particle formed from an atom of group of atoms (polyatomic ion)
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| ionic | caused by charged particles (ions)
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| ionic compound | compound made up of ions; solid compound that does not conduct electricity when solid but conducts electricity when liquid as the ions can move
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| ionic equation | equation in symbols involving at least one ion
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| ionisation | formation of an ion or ions as when an acid molecule releases a hydrogen ion and forms a negative ion
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| Iron Age | Age between Bronze Age and the modern era when most valued implements were made of iron
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| isomers | different structural forms of the same molecular formula
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| isotopes | atoms of the same element; atoms wtih the same number of protons in the nucleus
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| IUPAC | International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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| justify | support an argument or conclusion
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| kinetic energy | energy due to motion
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| kPa | kiloPascal; unit of pressure
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| lattice | arrangement of particles in a crystal
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| leaching | process in which soluble components, e.g. salt, are removed from insoluble material, e.g. soil, by the action of a solvent, e.g. water
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| Lewis electron dot structure | diagram showing number of electrons in the outer main energy level of an atom
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| limitation | that which limits something
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| lithosphere | relatively rigid and cool outside rock layer of the Earth consisting of the crust and the outermost layer of the mantle
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| malleability | ability to be shaped without breaking
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| management | handling, direction and control of a situation
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| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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| mass ratio | ratio of masses of pure substances reacting or produced in a chemical reaction (mass ratio of elements reacting is used, together with a knowledge of atomic masses, to calculate the empirical formula of the resulting compound)
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| melting point | temperature at which a solid changes to liquid
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| membrane process | process in which a membrane that water and anions cannot pass through is used to produce sodium hydroxide solution containing hardly any salt from the electrolysis of salt solution
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| mercury process | process in which a mercury cathode in concentrated salt solution forms a sodium amalgam that is reacted with water to form high purity sodium hydroxide
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| metabolism | all chemical reactions in a cell, part of or complete organism
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| metal | chemical element that is malleable, has a lustre and is a good conductor of heat and electricity; three-dimensional lattice of ions in a sea of electrons
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| micro-technique | method using small quantities
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| mid-ocean ridge | volcanically active underocean region where crustal plates are diverging
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| mineral | useful element or compound from the Earth
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| mixture | mix of pure substances that may be separated by physical or mechanical methods; properties vary according to the parts and their proportions
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| molarity | moles of solute per litre of solution
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| mole | large number ( 6x1023) of particles; defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
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| mole ratios | the relative number of moles reacting and produced in a chemical reaction e.g. in 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O the mole ratio is 2:1-->2
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| molecular formula | chemical formula showing the actual number of each type of atom in a molecule
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| molecular shape | the overall form, outline or external surface of a molecule
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| molecular structure | the arrangement of atoms within a molecule
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| molecules | neutral particles which can move independently of each other; all molecules consist of two or more atoms joined together except for the noble gases whose molecules consist of a single atom
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| monitoring | checking, observing or recording a situation; testing program to assess potential changes
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| monomer | compound with small molecules able to join together to form a long chain polymer molecule
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| natural product | extract from a natural product, typically a compound rather than an element
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| net ionic equation | chemical equation in which the ions that are ‘spectators’ and do not react are left out as they are not part of the reaction e.g. OH– + H+ --> H2O
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| neutral | between acid and base; having neither acidic nor basic properties
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| neutralisation | reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water
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| noble gas | very unreactive monatomic elements in the last group of the Periodic Table
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| non-destructive testing | testing of a material that does not change its properties
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| non-ionic | no ionic charge but often polar (always polar in the case of non-ionic detergents)
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| non-metal | chemical element not possessing the properties of metals
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| non-polar | without electric poles; used to describe molecules which do not have a positive and a negative end
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| non-renewable resource | resource, such as copper ore or coal, which once used up is not replaced or replaced too slowly by natural processes
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| normal atmospheric pressure | 100 kPa
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| order of magnitude | quantity expressed to the nearest power of ten e.g. 256 has an order of magnitude of 102
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| ore | metal bearing substance, e.g. rock, from the Earth with a commercial value
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| outline | indicate the main features of
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| oxidation | loss of electron(s) in a reaction
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| oxidising agent | abbreviation: oxidant; chemical which causes oxidation - loss of electrons - by another chemical
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| passivating metal | metal coated with a tenacious oxide layer that protects and results in less metal activity than expected
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| period | horizontal row of the Periodic Table
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| Periodic Table | Arrangement of chemical elements so that elements with similar properties occur at fixed intervals
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| periodicity | tendency to recur regularly
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| petrochemical | chemical made from compounds in petroleum or natural gas
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| pH | –log10[H+]
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| pH meter | millivoltmeter with scale marked in pH units that can be connected to a pH probe
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| pH probe | pH sensitive electrode system
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| photosynthesis | process in which green plants use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
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| physical change | change in a substance that does not involve rearrangement of particles into new combinations; no new substance produced
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| physical property | property of a substance measured by itself
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| polar molecule | molecule with electric poles δ+ and δ– so that a particular end of the molecule is attracted to a charge; a polar molecule is said to have a dipole
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| pollution | contamination by unwanted substances or energy
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| polymer | long chain molecule formed by joining monomer molecules
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| ppb | parts per billion
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| ppm | parts per million
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| precipitate | solid material which separates from solution when solutions are mixed
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| precipitation | falling out of a solid from solution when solutions are mixed
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| predict | suggest what may happen based on available information
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| primary alkanol | alkanol with the OH group on an end carbon atom
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| product | chemical produced in a chemical reaction
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| propose | put forward for consideration or action
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| qualitative | concerned with features, characteristics or properties described without using numbers e.g. colour, feel, smell
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| qualitative analysis | finding out what is present in a sample
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| quantitative | concerned with amount
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| quantitative analysis | finding how much is present in a sample
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| radioactive | capable of emitting particles and energy from nuclei
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| radioisotope | radioactive isotope
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| rate | rate of reaction measured as change in concentration with time
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| reactant | chemical reacting in a chemical reaction
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| reactivity | tendency to undergo chemical reaction
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| recycle | reuse of waste material
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| redox | abbreviation of reduction-oxidation
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| reducing agent | abbreviation: reductant; chemical which causes reduction - gain of electrons - by another chemical
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| reduction | gain of electrons during a reaction
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| reflux / refluxing | process of boiling liquid in a flask with a condenser attached so that vapours are condensed and returned to the liquid
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| relate | provide some connection or relation to
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| reliability | trustworthiness; degree to which repeated observations and/or measurements, taken under identical circumstances, will yield the same results
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| renewable | resource that can be used then reformed from its products by the input of solar energy
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| restoration | the act of bringing back to original condition
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| risk assessment | procedure involving identification of a hazard then judgement and control of possible harm from the hazard
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| sanitise | make disease free
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| saponification | soap formation
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| saturated dissolution | saturated solution in contact with undissolved solid
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| semi-metal | element intermediate in properties between metals and non-metals
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| sensor | sensitive part e.g. glass electrode of a pH meter
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| slow combustion | slow reaction with oxygen
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| solder | alloy usually of lead and tin
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| solute | substance that dissolves
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| solution | mixture of solute and solvent
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| Solvay process | process for producing sodium carbonate from soidum chloride and calcium carbonate by using recycled ammonia
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| solvent | liquid able to dissolve another substance
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| specific heat (capacity) | number of joules of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram by one kelvin; C measured in J kg-1 K-1
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| spontaneous combustion | slow combustion where the heat released cannot escape easily and the temperature rises until the ignition temperature is reached and fast combustion starts
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| standard solution | solution of accurately known concentration and composition
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| steel | alloy of iron and carbon
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| stoichiometry | quantitative relationships in chemical reactions
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| straight-chained | chain of carbon atoms without branching
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| strong acid | an acid that is completely ionised in solution
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| strong base | a base that is completely ionised in solution
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| sulfate reducing bacteria | abbreviation SRB; anaerobic bacteria that reduce sulfate ions to hydrogen sulfide
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| surface tension | energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid caused by attractive forces between molecules of the liquid
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| synthesis | building up a substance from simpler substances
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| synthetic product | product synthesised from simple chemicals
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| systematic name | name from which the structure or formula of a chemical may be deduced
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| terrestrial | land-based
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| thermal pollution | addition of heat to an environment causing unwanted or harmful effects
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| titration | technique in which a solution of unknown concentration is reacted with a solution of known concentration (a standard solution) until equivalence point is reached
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| transuranic | element with atomic number above 92, beyond uranium
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| turbidity | opaqueness or cloudiness of water
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| uncertainty | of a measurement is half the quantity it was measured to e.g. a measurement made to the nearest gram has an uncertainty of ± 0.5 g
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| validate | to make just, sound or well-founded
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| validity | the extent to which processes and resulting data measure what was intended
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| vanadium redox cell | cell developed at University of NSW in which solutions of vanadium(V) and vanadium(II) react releasing electrical energy
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| viscosity | resistance of a liquid to flow
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| volatility | measure of how readily a liquid changes to vapour
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| weak acid | acid that is little ionised in solution
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| weak base | base that is little ionised in solution
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| weathering | any chemical or mechanical action of the atmosphere on rocks changing their colour, texture or chemical composition
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| word equation | chemical reaction expressed in words e.g. hydrogen + oxygen --> water
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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rizzo
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