Auditory System
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
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| Hearing apparatus is a complex transducer; converts sound waves into _____________, which are suitable for analysis by the CNS. | show 🗑
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| What are the parts of the Auditory System? | show 🗑
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| What is the bony labyrinth? | show 🗑
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| What is the membranous labyrinth? | show 🗑
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| show | vestible (central part)
cochlea (anterior to vestibule)
semicircular canals (posterior to vestible)
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| What does the bony labyrinth contain? | show 🗑
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| The 3 semicircular canals are perpendicular to each other and open into what? | show 🗑
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| Descibe the appearance of the cochlea. | show 🗑
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| Where is the membranous labyrinth located? what is it filled with? | show 🗑
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| show | Utricle and saccule
3 semicircular ducts
cochlear duct (scala media)
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| The Utricle and the Saccule are connected by what? | show 🗑
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| The endolymph duct arises from the utriculosaccular duct and traverse what? | show 🗑
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| show | under the dura mater of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone (it is a storage place for lymph)
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| show | ductus reuniens
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| Utricle and saccule contain specialized receptors (maculae) which are sensitive to the position of the head with respect to what? | show 🗑
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| show | angular acceleration
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| The Cochlear duct contains a specialized receptor for hearing. Name it. | show 🗑
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| The maculae and cristae ampullaries are innervated by what? | show 🗑
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| show | cochlear part of CN VIII
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| show | The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani contain perilymph.
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| where are the scala vestibuli and the scala typani continous with one another? | show 🗑
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| show | membranous labyrinth
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| The scala vestibuli connects with __________ at the base of the cochlea and with __________ at apex of cochlea (helicotrema) | show 🗑
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| show | communicated with tympanic cavity via round window (closed by secondary tympanic membrane)
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| show | triangular; basilar membrane
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| The Cochlear Duct (Scala Media) is separated from scala vestibuli by what? | show 🗑
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| Where is the stria vascularis located? Describe its structure. What does it produce? | show 🗑
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| show | spiral organ (of Corti); located on basilar membrane; consists of neuroepithelial receptor cells and supporting cells
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| What are the neuroepithelial cells of the Spiral Organ (of Corti)? | show 🗑
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| These hair cells are arranged in 2 groups, the inner hair cells and the outer hair cells. Describe each group. | show 🗑
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| show | No.
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| What is the tectorial membrane? (under heading of Spiral Organ of Corti) | show 🗑
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| show | stereocilia are arranged in curving rows and are polarized
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| Where are the longest stereocilia located? | show 🗑
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| Outward deflection of stereocilia (towards longest stereocilia or stria vascularis) causes what? | show 🗑
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| Vibrations reaching the base of the stapes are transferred to what? | show 🗑
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| When the footplate of stapes moves in, secondary tympanic membrane ____________. when footplate moves out, secondary tympanic membrane is drawn __________. | show 🗑
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| Displacement of perilymph by inward movement of stapes causes ___________________ of basilar membrane. Outward movement of stapes causes ___________. | show 🗑
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| Sounds of different frequencies cause waves in basiliar membrane with maximal amplitude (maximal membrane displacement) at different points along the membrane. What is this known as? | show 🗑
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| High frequency sounds cause waves of maximal amplitude close to the ________ of the cochlea. | show 🗑
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| Low frequency sounds cause waves of maximal amplitude close to the _________ of cochlea. | show 🗑
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| Is tonotopic representation maintained through the auditory pathway? | show 🗑
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| show | electrical signals
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| With upward movement of the basilar membrane, stereocilia are deflected __________________. | show 🗑
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| show | mechanically gated ion channels (selective to K) --> K enters the cell following an electrical gradient --> depolarization of hair cell ensues.
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| Depolarization opens what? | show 🗑
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| show | Binding of glutamate-containing vesicles to cell membrane at base of hair cell. There is then a release of glutamate into the synaptic cleft b/t the hair cell and the cochlear nerve (afferent/sensory fibers)
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| show | cochlear nerve; brainstem
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| show | spiral ganglion
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| The sensory neurons of the spinal ganglion are what type of neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | type 1 hair cells make up 90-95% of cells in spiral ganglion
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| show | only 1 or 2 inner hair cells; each inner hair cell is contacted by dendrites of 20 or more type 1 sensory neurons; most auditory information conveyed to CNS originates from inner hair cells.
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| show | outer hair cells; 10 or more outer hair cells; each other hair cell is contacted by dendrites of approximately 4 Type II sensory neurons.
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| show | 4 neurons
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| show | spiral ganglion
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| show | anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei
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| What are the third order neurons? | show 🗑
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| What are the fourth order neurons? | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | contralateral; bilateral (imput from both ears ascends on the right and on the left sides of the brainstem, and reaches auditory cortex of right and left cerebral hemispheres)
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| Where are the 1st order neurons located? What type of neurons are they? What do their peripheral processes synapse with? | show 🗑
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| show | form the cochlear division of CN VIII
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| show | It enters cranial cavity via internal acoustic meatus and attaches to brainstem at the lateral end of pontomedullary junction (cerebellopontine angle)
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| Cochlear nerve fibers synapse with 2nd order neurons where? | show 🗑
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| show | Posterior acoustic stria --> passes behind restiform body, decussates and ascends to contralateral inferior colliculus in lateral lemniscus.
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| Most fibers from the Anterior Cochlear Nucleus pass anterior to the restiform body and terminate in . . . | show 🗑
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| show | -anterior part of the tegmentum of lower pons
-ipsilateral and contralateral anterior cochlear nuclei
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| The Superior olivary nucleus gives rise to fibers that that ascend largely in what? | show 🗑
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| show | localization of sounds in space
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| Fibers of the lateral lemniscus terminate where? | show 🗑
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| Fibers from the medial geniculate nucleus form what? | show 🗑
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| Where is the primary auditory cortex? | show 🗑
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| The nucleus of the trapezoid body is found between the cochlear nuclei and the inferior colliculus. What does it consist of? What fibers does it recieve? where does it send fibers to? What does it do? | show 🗑
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| Where is the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus located? What fibers does it recieve? What does it send fibers to? | show 🗑
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| show | make it possible to follow the sequence of electrical events in the auditory pathways from the cochlea to primary auditory cortex
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| show | place scalp electrodes -> click sounds -> computer separates responses along the auditory pathways -> 7 averaged out waves detected
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| show | reduction or absence of the waves above the level of the lesion.
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| What are brainstem auditory evoken potentials commonly used for? | show 🗑
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| show | results form any interference w/ passage of sound waves through external or middle ear (ex. serous otitis media, otosclerosis)
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| show | results from damage to receptor cells in spiral organ, cochlear nerve, or cochlear nuclei (ex. ototoxic drugs, acoustic neuroma)
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| Why do unilateral lesions to the auditory cortex or auditory pathways distal to the cochlear nuclei cause no significant hearing loss? | show 🗑
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| What does the Rinne's Test determine? How is it performed? | show 🗑
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| show | base of vibrating tuning fork put on midline structure; pt is asked if its equal or different in both ears. Normal individual it is equal in both ears.
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| When performing the Weber's test, a patient who has a nerve deafness will have what result? | show 🗑
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| When performing the Weber's test, a patient who has conduction deafness will have what result? | show 🗑
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Created by:
Lisa1585