Basic Statistics Defintions
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| Ratio | A fraction that divides two quantities.
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| Rate | A ratio that reflects soem quantity per a certain unit.
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| Percentage | A number between 0 and 100 that reflects a proportion of the whole.
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| Response Rate | The number of respondents divided by the number of surveys sent out.
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| Statistics | The entire process involved in gathering evidence to answer questions about the world, in cases where that evidence is numerical data.
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| Population | Group of individuals that one wishes to study in order to answer a research question.
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| Sample | A small number of individuals selected from the population that are studied and that information is used to draw conclusions about the whole population.
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| Random Sample | Every member of the population is given an equal chance of being selelcted.
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| Bias | Systematic favoritism that is present in the data collection process resulting inmisleading results.
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| Data | Actual measurements that are gained through a study; either numerical or categorical.
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| Numerical Data | Data that has meaning as a measurement; also known as quantitative data.
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| Categorical Data | Data that represents characteristics; also known as qualitative data.
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| Data Set | The collection of data taken from a sample.
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| Statistic | A number that summarizes the data collected from a sample.
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| Census | Data collected from the entire population.
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| Parameter | A single number that summarizes all the of the census information.
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| Mean (average) | The sum of all of the numbers divided by the total number of numbers.
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| Outliers | very large or very small values in the data set that are not typical.
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| Median | The point at which there are an equal number of data points whose values lie above and below the median value.
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| Standard Deviation | The average distance from the mean.
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| Percentile | The percentage of values in the data set that fall below the certain score.
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| Relative Standing | How an individual data value compares to the rest of the group.
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| Standard Score | The number of standard deviations above or below the mean.
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| Bell-Shaped Curve | The most common type of data distribution in which most of the data is centered around the average in a big group.
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| Normal Distribution | Describes the data that follow a bell-shaped pattern.
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| Experiment | A study that imposes a certain amount of control on the study's subjects and theri enviroment.
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| Survey | A measurement tool that is most often used to gather people's opinions.
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| Margin of Error | Measures the maximum amount by which the sample results are expected to differ from those of the actual population.
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| Probability | Measurement of likelihood of an event happening.
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| Hypothesis Test | Statistical procedure in which daya are collected and measured against a claim about a population.
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| Correlation | Two numerical variables have a linear relationship.
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