Positioning
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| The __ bones on each hand and wrist are divided into three groups. | 27
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| The three groups the hands and wrists are divided into are the | Phalanges, Metacarpals, and Carpals
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| Carpals= | wrist
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| Metacarpals= | palm of hand
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| Phalanges= | fingers and thumb
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| How many phalange bones are there? | 14
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| How many metacarpal bones are there? | 5
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| How many carpal bones are there? | 8
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| The most distal bones of the hand are the ______ | phalanges
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| The second group of bones in the hand and wrist is the | metacarpals
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| The third group of bones in the hand and wrist is the | carpals
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| Each finger and thumb is called a | digit
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| Each of four fingers is composed of 3 phalanges: | proximal, middle, and distal
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| The thumb, or first digit, has two phalanges: | proximal and distal
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| Each phalanx consists of three parts: | the head, body, and the base
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| The thumb has only two phalanges, so the joint between them is called the: | interphalangeal joint (IP)
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| The name of the joint between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit is the? | first metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)
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| Beginning on the lateral or thumb side is the | scaphoid
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| The correct term for the tarsal bone of the foot is | navicular
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| The correct term for the carpal bone of the wrist is the | scaphoid
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| What is the most frequently fractured carpal bone? | the scaphoid
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| The smallest of the carpal bone | pisiform
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| What is the largest of the carpal bones? | capitate
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| The concave area or groove on the carpal sulcus is called the | carpal sulcus
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| Who gets shielded for hand, fingers, and wrist projections? | EVERYONE
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| What degree of angle is the CR rotated for an AP axial projection of the thumb? (Modified Robert's Method) | 15 degrees proximally, entering at the first CMC joint
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| What is the name of the hooklike process extending anteriorly from the hamate? | Hamulus or hamular process
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| In the anatomic position, which of the bones of the forearm is located on the lateral (thumb) side? | radius
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| Which bone is on the medial side? | ulna
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| Which joint permits the forearm to rotate during pronation? | proximal radioulnar joint
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| The two important fat stripes or bands around the wrist joint are the? | scaphoid fat stripe, and pronator fat stripe
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| Which carpal bones articulate with the radius? | scaphoid and lunate
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| What's the specific name for the projection used to demonstrate the carpal sulcus? | Gaynor-heart method
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| What's the joint type for the first carpometacarpal joint? | sellar joint
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| What's the joint type for the wrist joint? | ellipsoidal joint
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| What's the joint type for the interphalangeal joints? | ginglymus joint
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| Which structures make up the proximal radioulnar joint? | radial head and radial notch
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| Which structures make up the distal radioulnar joint? | head of ulna and ulna notch
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| How do you demonstrate the scaphoid if patient cannot assume the ulnar deviation position? | modified stecher method
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| What is the proper name for the acute flexion elbow projection? | Jones method
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| How do you adjust technical factors for a small-medium, large, and fiberglass cast? | small-medium: increase 5kV to 7kV
Large: increase 8kV to 10 kV
Fiberglass: increase 3kV to 4kV
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| What is the CR angle/placement and how much rotation is needed for the Norgaard method? | internally rotate hands 45 degrees, CR perpendicular, directed toward midpoint between both hands at level of fifth MCP joints.
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| which ligament is damaged in a "skier's thumb" injury? | ulnar collateral ligament of thumb
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| Who is carpal tunnel syndrome more common in? | middle aged women
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| Which structures primarily form the hinge-like movement of the elbow joint? | the ulna and the trochoidal pivot bone
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| Which side opens up with radial deviation? | the ulnar side is opened up
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| Which side opens up with ulnar deviation? | the radial side is opened up
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| What is the CR angle/placement for modified Robert's method? | 15 degrees proximally (toward wrist), centered at first CMC joint
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| what is the "ball catcher's position" used to demonstrate? | evidence of rheumatoid arthritis
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| Which projections could be used for an elbow on a patient whose elbow is flexed more than 90 degrees? | acute flexion projections (Jones method)
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| Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in whom? | three times more common in women than in men
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| What are the fat stripes in the wrist? | scaphoid fat stripe=PA and oblique views
pronator fat stripe=visualized approximately 1 cm from the anterior surface of the radius.
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| The joint for the 1st carpometacarpal joint is the | sellar joint
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| The joint for the wrist joint is the | ellipsoidal joint
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| What CR angles and direction are used for the Coyle method? | CR angled 45 degrees from shoulder into mid-elbow, trauma to the radial head or the coronoid process of ulna.
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| the __ ____ is a small depression on the medial aspect of the distal radius. The head of the ulna fits into this to form the distal radioulnar joint. | ulnar notch
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| What is located near the wrist at the distal end of the ulna | the head of the ulna
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| this is located at the proximal end of the radius near the elbow joint. | head of the radius
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| Which bone is shorter of the two bones of the forearm and what is it involved in? | the radius is shorter and is the only one of the two bones that is directly involved in the wrist joint
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| the rough oval process on the medial and anterior side of the radius, just distal to the neck is the | radial tuberosity
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| What bone is longer of the two bones of the forearm and what is it involved in? | the ulna is the longer of the two and is involved in the formation of the elbow joint
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| the two beaklike processes of the proximal ulna are called the | olecranon and the coronoid process
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| the medial margin of the coronoid process opposite the radial notch is commonly referred to as the | coronoid tubercle
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| the large concave depression, or notch, that articulates with the distal humerus is the | trochlear notch
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| the small shallow depression located in the lateral aspect of the proximal ulna is called the | radial notch
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| what is the long center section of the humerus called | the body
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| the expanded distal end of the humerus is the | humeral condyle
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| the articular portion of the humeral condyle is divided into two parts | trochlea and the capitulum
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| what is located on the lateral aspect and articulates with the head of the radius | the capitulum
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| all joints in the upper limb are | synovial and freely moveable of diarthrodial.
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| the first CMC joint of the thumb is a ____ joint | sellar
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| the second through fifth CMC joints are | plane (gliding) type joints
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| the wrist joint is an _____ type joint | ellipsoidal
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| of the two bones of the forearm, only the radius articulates directly with two carpal bones, ____ & _____. This wrist joint is called the ____ | the scaphoid and lunate, radiocarpal joint
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| the posterior fat pad is located deep within the olecranon fossa and normally __ _____ visible on a negative elbow examination | is not
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| who gets shielded for upper limbs | everyone
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| from the bucky tray to the table top, the general difference in distance is | 3 to 4 in (8 to 10 cm)
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| small to medium plaster cast | increase 5 kv to 7 kv
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| large plaster cast | increase 8 kv to 10 kv
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| fiberglass cast | increase 3 kv to 4 kv
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| what are the exposure factors for the upper limbs? | lower to medium kV (50-70)
short exposure time
small focal spot
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| what are the most common for malignant bone tumors? | metastases
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| what is inflammation of the bursae or fluid filled sacs that enclose the joints | bursitis
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| common, painful disorder, that results from compression of the median nerve as it passes through the center of the wrist | carpal tunnel syndrome
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| fracture and dislocation of the posterior lip of the distal radius involving the wrist joint | Barton's fracture
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| fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bonce, extending in to the carpometacarpal joint, complicated by subluxation with some posterior displacement | Bennett's fracture
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| transverse fracture that extends through the metacarpal neck; most commonly seen in the fifth meatacarpal | Boxer's fracture
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| reverse of Colle's fracture, or transverse fracture of the distal radius with the distal fragment displaced anteriorly | Smith's fracture
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| transverse fracture of the distal radius in which the distal fragment is displaced anteriorly, an associated ulnar styloid fracture seen in 50% to 60% of cases | Colles' fracture
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| Which fracture is the most common of them all? | Boxer's fracture
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| refers to accumulated fluid in the joint cavity, it is a sign of an underlying condition, such as a fracture, dislocation, soft tissue damage or inflammation | joint effusion
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| also known as degenerative joint disease, is a noninflammatory joint disease characterized by gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage with hypertrophic bone formation | osteoarthritis
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| what is the most common type of arthritis? | osteoarthritis
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| infection of bone or bone marrow | osteomyelitis
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| abnormally dense bone | osteopetrosis
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| reduction in the quantity of bone or atrophy of skeletal tissue | osteoporosis
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| "Skier's thumb" refers to a sprain of tear of the | ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb
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| Base of first metacarpal is demonstrated for ruling out | Bennett's fracture
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| what projection is used for a sprain or tearing of ulnar collateral ligament of thumb at MCP joint? | PA stress thumb projection
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| Performed commonly to evaluate early evidence of rheumatoid arthritis | norgaard method
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| used to demonstrate foreign bodies of the hand and fingers | Lateral in extension, lateral in flexion( fan lateral)
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| what technical factors are used for a PA, oblique, and lateral hand? | PA-62 kV, 3 mAs
Oblique- 64 kV 3 mAs
Lateral-66 kV 3 mAs
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| what technical factors are used for a PA, oblique and lateral wrist? | PA- 62 kV 4 mAs
Oblique- 64 kV 4 mAs
Lateral-66 kV 4 mAs
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| what are the technical factors for AP and lateral of the forearm? | AP- 62 kV 6 mAs
Lateral- 66 kV 6 mAs
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| Tecnhical factors for AP, oblique, and lateral elbow | 64 kV 6 mAs
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| how many bones make up the phalanges of the hand? | 14
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| how many bones make up the carpal region | 5
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| what is the total number of bones that make up the hand and wrist | 27
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| which carpal contains a "hooklike" process? | hamate
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| which carpal articulates with the base of the thumb? | trapezium
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| which carpal is most commonly fracture? | scaphoid
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| which two carpal bones are located most anteriorly as seen on a lateral wrist radiograph? | scaphoid and trapezium
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| where are the coronoid and radial fossae located? | anterior aspect of distal humerus
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| which two bony landmarks are palpated to assist with positioning of the upper limb? | lateral and medial epicondyle
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| where is the coronoid tubercle located? | medial aspect of coronoid process
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| in an erect anatomic position, which one of the following structures is considered to be most inferior or distal? | head of ulna
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| which preferred lateral position of the hand best demonstrates the phalanges without excessive superimposition? | fan lateral
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| which lateral projection of the hand best demonstrates a possible foreign body in the palm of the hand? | lateral in extension
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| what is the proper name for the position referred to as the "ball catcher's" position | norgaard method
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| a Bennett's fracture involves the | base of first metacarpal
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| radiographic exposure techniques may need to be ____ because of certain destructive pathologies commonly seen in elderly patients, such as osteoporosis. | reduced
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| Commonly used to image tendinous, ligamentous, and capsular pathology associated with diarthrodial joints, such as the wrist, elbow, shoulder, and ankle. This procedure requires the use of a radiographic contrast medium injected into the joint capsule. | Arthrography
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| Useful for demonstrating osteomyelitis, metastatic bone lesions, stress fractures and cellulitis | Nuclear medicine
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| Used to evaluate soft tissue and skeletal involvement of lesions and soft tissue injuries. | CT and MRI
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| Inflammatory changes throughout the connective tissues; the earliest change is soft tissue swelling that is most prevalent around the ulnar styloid of the wrist | rheumatoid arthritis
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| What is three times more common in women than in men? | Rheumatoid arthritis
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| Refers to bone tumors or neoplasms | Bone neoplasia
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| What does benign mean? | noncancerous
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| What does malignant mean? | Cancerous
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| What is the most common primary cancerous bone tumor? | Multiple myeloma
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