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| acid anhydride | compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution
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| alkaline earth metal | any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides
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| allotropes | two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures
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| amorphous | solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal
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| base anhydride | metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids
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| bicarbonate anion | salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3−
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| bismuth | heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals
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| borate | compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure carbonate salt of the anion CO3 2−; often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases
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| chemical reduction | method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent
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| chlor-alkali process | electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide
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| disproportionation reaction | chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent
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| Downs cell | electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride
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| Frasch process | important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits
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| Haber process | main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures
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| halide | compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F−; chloride, Cl−; bromide, Br−; and iodide, I−)
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| Hall–Héroult cell | electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite
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| hydrogen carbonate | salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion HCO3−) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion
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| hydrogen halide | binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI
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| hydrogen sulfate | HSO4− ion
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| hydrogen sulfite | HSO3 − ion
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| hydrogenation | addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound
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| hydroxide | compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− or the group −OH
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| interhalogen | compound formed from two or more different halogens
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| metal | atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals
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| metalloid | element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors
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| nitrate | NO3− ion; salt of nitric acid
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| nitrogen fixation | formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen
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| Ostwald process | industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid
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| oxide | binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O
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| ozone | allotrope of oxygen; O3
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| passivation | metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity
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| peroxide | molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion, O2 2−
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| photosynthesis | process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy
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| Pidgeon process | chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon
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| polymorph | variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound
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| representative element | element where the s and p orbitals are filling
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| representative metal | metal among the representative elements
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| silicate | compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three- dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds
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| sulfate | SO4 2− ion
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| sulfite | SO3 2− ion
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| superoxide | oxide containing the anion O2−
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