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OpenStax Chem 18
This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid anhydride | compound that reacts with water to form an acid or acidic solution |
| alkaline earth metal | any of the metals (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) occupying group 2 of the periodic table; they are reactive, divalent metals that form basic oxides |
| allotropes | two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state, with different chemical structures |
| amorphous | solid material such as a glass that does not have a regular repeating component to its three-dimensional structure; a solid but not a crystal |
| base anhydride | metal oxide that behaves as a base towards acids |
| bicarbonate anion | salt of the hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO3− |
| bismuth | heaviest member of group 15; a less reactive metal than other representative metals |
| borate | compound containing boron-oxygen bonds, typically with clusters or chains as a part of the chemical structure carbonate salt of the anion CO3 2−; often formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide with bases |
| chemical reduction | method of preparing a representative metal using a reducing agent |
| chlor-alkali process | electrolysis process for the synthesis of chlorine and sodium hydroxide |
| disproportionation reaction | chemical reaction where a single reactant is simultaneously reduced and oxidized; it is both the reducing agent and the oxidizing agent |
| Downs cell | electrochemical cell used for the commercial preparation of metallic sodium (and chlorine) from molten sodium chloride |
| Frasch process | important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits |
| Haber process | main industrial process used to produce ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen; involves the use of an iron catalyst and elevated temperatures and pressures |
| halide | compound containing an anion of a group 17 element in the 1− oxidation state (fluoride, F−; chloride, Cl−; bromide, Br−; and iodide, I−) |
| Hall–Héroult cell | electrolysis apparatus used to isolate pure aluminum metal from a solution of alumina in molten cryolite |
| hydrogen carbonate | salt of carbonic acid, H2CO3 (containing the anion HCO3−) in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced; an acid carbonate; also known as bicarbonate ion |
| hydrogen halide | binary compound formed between hydrogen and the halogens: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI |
| hydrogen sulfate | HSO4− ion |
| hydrogen sulfite | HSO3 − ion |
| hydrogenation | addition of hydrogen (H2) to reduce a compound |
| hydroxide | compound of a metal with the hydroxide ion OH− or the group −OH |
| interhalogen | compound formed from two or more different halogens |
| metal | atoms of the metallic elements of groups 1, 2, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16, which form ionic compounds by losing electrons from their outer s or p orbitals |
| metalloid | element that has properties that are between those of metals and nonmetals; these elements are typically semiconductors |
| nitrate | NO3− ion; salt of nitric acid |
| nitrogen fixation | formation of nitrogen compounds from molecular nitrogen |
| Ostwald process | industrial process used to convert ammonia into nitric acid |
| oxide | binary compound of oxygen with another element or group, typically containing O2− ions or the group –O– or =O |
| ozone | allotrope of oxygen; O3 |
| passivation | metals with a protective nonreactive film of oxide or other compound that creates a barrier for chemical reactions; physical or chemical removal of the passivating film allows the metals to demonstrate their expected chemical reactivity |
| peroxide | molecule containing two oxygen atoms bonded together or as the anion, O2 2− |
| photosynthesis | process whereby light energy promotes the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates and oxygen; this allows photosynthetic organisms to store energy |
| Pidgeon process | chemical reduction process used to produce magnesium through the thermal reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon |
| polymorph | variation in crystalline structure that results in different physical properties for the resulting compound |
| representative element | element where the s and p orbitals are filling |
| representative metal | metal among the representative elements |
| silicate | compound containing silicon-oxygen bonds, with silicate tetrahedra connected in rings, sheets, or three- dimensional networks, depending on the other elements involved in the formation of the compounds |
| sulfate | SO4 2− ion |
| sulfite | SO3 2− ion |
| superoxide | oxide containing the anion O2− |
Created by:
point4christ
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