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| alloy | solid mixture of a metallic element and one or more additional elements
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| amphiphilic | molecules possessing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and a hydrophilic (polar) parts
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| boiling point elevation | elevation of the boiling point of a liquid by addition of a solute
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| boiling point elevation constant | the proportionality constant in the equation relating boiling point elevation to solute molality; also known as the ebullioscopic constant
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| colligative property | property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of a solute species
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| colloid | (also, colloidal dispersion) mixture in which relatively large solid or liquid particles are dispersed uniformly throughout a gas, liquid, or solid
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| crenation | process whereby biological cells become shriveled due to loss of water by osmosis
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| dispersed phase | substance present as relatively large solid or liquid particles in a colloid
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| dispersion medium | solid, liquid, or gas in which colloidal particles are dispersed
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| dissociation | physical process accompanying the dissolution of an ionic compound in which the compound’s constituent ions are solvated and dispersed throughout the solution
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| electrolyte | substance that produces ions when dissolved in water
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| emulsifying agent | amphiphilic substance used to stabilize the particles of some emulsions
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| emulsion | colloid formed from immiscible liquids
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| freezing point depression | lowering of the freezing point of a liquid by addition of a solute
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| freezing point depression constant | (also, cryoscopic constant) proportionality constant in the equation relating freezing point depression to solute molality
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| gel | colloidal dispersion of a liquid in a solid
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| hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells due to the accumulation of excess water by osmosis
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| Henry’s law | law stating the proportional relationship between the concentration of dissolved gas in a solution and the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the solution
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| hypertonic | of greater osmotic pressure
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| hypotonic | of less osmotic pressure
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| ideal solution | solution that forms with no accompanying energy change
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| immiscible | of negligible mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
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| ion pair | solvated anion/cation pair held together by moderate electrostatic attraction
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| ion-dipole attraction | electrostatic attraction between an ion and a polar molecule
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| isotonic | of equal osmotic pressure
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| miscible | mutually soluble in all proportions; typically refers to liquid substances
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| molality (m) | a concentration unit defined as the ratio of the numbers of moles of solute to the mass of the solvent in kilograms
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| nonelectrolyte | substance that does not produce ions when dissolved in water
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| osmosis | diffusion of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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| osmotic pressure (Π) | opposing pressure required to prevent bulk transfer of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane
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| partially miscible | of moderate mutual solubility; typically refers to liquid substances
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| Raoult’s law | the partial pressure exerted by a solution component is equal to the product of the component’s mole fraction in the solution and its equilibrium vapor pressure in the pure state
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| saturated | of concentration equal to solubility; containing the maximum concentration of solute possible for a given temperature and pressure
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| semipermeable membrane | a membrane that selectively permits passage of certain ions or molecules
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| solubility | extent to which a solute may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
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| solvation | exothermic process in which intermolecular attractive forces between the solute and solvent in a solution are established
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| spontaneous process | physical or chemical change that occurs without the addition of energy from an external source
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| strong electrolyte | substance that dissociates or ionizes completely when dissolved in water
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| supersaturated | of concentration that exceeds solubility; a nonequilibrium state
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| Tyndall effect | scattering of visible light by a colloidal dispersion
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| unsaturated | of concentration less than solubility
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| van’t Hoff factor (i) | the ratio of the number of moles of particles in a solution to the number of moles of formula units dissolved in the solution
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| weak electrolyte | substance that ionizes only partially when dissolved in water
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