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| acid | substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water
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| acid-base reaction | reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species
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| actual yield | amount of product formed in a reaction
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| analyte | chemical species of interest
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| balanced equation | chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product
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| base | substance that produces OH− when dissolved in water
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| buret | device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in a titration analysis
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| chemical equation | symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
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| coefficient | number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount
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| combustion analysis | gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products
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| combustion reaction | vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and, sometimes, light
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| complete ionic equation | chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions
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| end point | measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence (see equivalence point)
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| equivalence point | volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction
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| excess reactant | reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry
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| gravimetric analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample
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| half-reaction | an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction.
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| indicator | substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point
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| insoluble | of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent
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| limiting reactant | reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated
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| molecular equation | chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances
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| net ionic equation | chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions)
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| neutralization reaction | reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water
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| oxidation | process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons
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| oxidation number | (also, oxidation state) the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic
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| oxidation-reduction reaction | (also, redox reaction) reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements
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| oxidizing agent | (also, oxidant) substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced
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| percent yield | measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield
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| precipitate | insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants
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| precipitation reaction | reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis
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| product substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation | quantitative analysis
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| the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample | reactant
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| substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation | reducing agent (also, reductant) substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized
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| reduction | process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons
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| salt | ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide
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| single-displacement reaction | (also, replacement) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species
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| solubility | the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent
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| soluble | of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent
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| spectator ion | ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required
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| to maintain charge neutrality | stoichiometric factor ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products
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| stoichiometry | relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction
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| strong acid | acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
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| strong base | base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
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| theoretical yield | amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry
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| titrant | solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis
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| titration analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample
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| weak acid | acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions
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| weak base | base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions
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