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OpenStax Chem 4
This content is available for free at http://cnx.org/content/col11760/1.9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | substance that produces H3O+ when dissolved in water |
| acid-base reaction | reaction involving the transfer of a hydrogen ion between reactant species |
| actual yield | amount of product formed in a reaction |
| analyte | chemical species of interest |
| balanced equation | chemical equation with equal numbers of atoms for each element in the reactant and product |
| base | substance that produces OH− when dissolved in water |
| buret | device used for the precise delivery of variable liquid volumes, such as in a titration analysis |
| chemical equation | symbolic representation of a chemical reaction |
| coefficient | number placed in front of symbols or formulas in a chemical equation to indicate their relative amount |
| combustion analysis | gravimetric technique used to determine the elemental composition of a compound via the collection and weighing of its gaseous combustion products |
| combustion reaction | vigorous redox reaction producing significant amounts of energy in the form of heat and, sometimes, light |
| complete ionic equation | chemical equation in which all dissolved ionic reactants and products, including spectator ions, are explicitly represented by formulas for their dissociated ions |
| end point | measured volume of titrant solution that yields the change in sample solution appearance or other property expected for stoichiometric equivalence (see equivalence point) |
| equivalence point | volume of titrant solution required to react completely with the analyte in a titration analysis; provides a stoichiometric amount of titrant for the sample’s analyte according to the titration reaction |
| excess reactant | reactant present in an amount greater than required by the reaction stoichiometry |
| gravimetric analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method involving the separation of an analyte from a sample by a physical or chemical process and subsequent mass measurements of the analyte, reaction product, and/or sample |
| half-reaction | an equation that shows whether each reactant loses or gains electrons in a reaction. |
| indicator | substance added to the sample in a titration analysis to permit visual detection of the end point |
| insoluble | of relatively low solubility; dissolving only to a slight extent |
| limiting reactant | reactant present in an amount lower than required by the reaction stoichiometry, thus limiting the amount of product generated |
| molecular equation | chemical equation in which all reactants and products are represented as neutral substances |
| net ionic equation | chemical equation in which only those dissolved ionic reactants and products that undergo a chemical or physical change are represented (excludes spectator ions) |
| neutralization reaction | reaction between an acid and a base to produce salt and water |
| oxidation | process in which an element’s oxidation number is increased by loss of electrons |
| oxidation number | (also, oxidation state) the charge each atom of an element would have in a compound if the compound were ionic |
| oxidation-reduction reaction | (also, redox reaction) reaction involving a change in oxidation number for one or more reactant elements |
| oxidizing agent | (also, oxidant) substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance, and in the process becomes reduced |
| percent yield | measure of the efficiency of a reaction, expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield |
| precipitate | insoluble product that forms from reaction of soluble reactants |
| precipitation reaction | reaction that produces one or more insoluble products; when reactants are ionic compounds, sometimes called double-displacement or metathesis |
| product substance formed by a chemical or physical change; shown on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation | quantitative analysis |
| the determination of the amount or concentration of a substance in a sample | reactant |
| substance undergoing a chemical or physical change; shown on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation | reducing agent (also, reductant) substance that brings about the reduction of another substance, and in the process becomes oxidized |
| reduction | process in which an element’s oxidation number is decreased by gain of electrons |
| salt | ionic compound that can be formed by the reaction of an acid with a base that contains a cation and an anion other than hydroxide or oxide |
| single-displacement reaction | (also, replacement) redox reaction involving the oxidation of an elemental substance by an ionic species |
| solubility | the extent to which a substance may be dissolved in water, or any solvent |
| soluble | of relatively high solubility; dissolving to a relatively large extent |
| spectator ion | ion that does not undergo a chemical or physical change during a reaction, but its presence is required |
| to maintain charge neutrality | stoichiometric factor ratio of coefficients in a balanced chemical equation, used in computations relating amounts of reactants and products |
| stoichiometry | relationships between the amounts of reactants and products of a chemical reaction |
| strong acid | acid that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions |
| strong base | base that reacts completely when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions |
| theoretical yield | amount of product that may be produced from a given amount of reactant(s) according to the reaction stoichiometry |
| titrant | solution containing a known concentration of substance that will react with the analyte in a titration analysis |
| titration analysis | quantitative chemical analysis method that involves measuring the volume of a reactant solution required to completely react with the analyte in a sample |
| weak acid | acid that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydronium ions |
| weak base | base that reacts only to a slight extent when dissolved in water to yield hydroxide ions |
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