nerves for bio psych
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| Absolute refractory period | time immediately after an action potential, when the sodium gates close and the membrane cannot produce an action potential in response to stimulation of any intensity
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| Action potential | rapid depolarization and slight reversal of the usual polarization caused by stimulation beyond the threshold
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| Active transport | protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain
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| Afferent axon | neuron that brings information into a structure
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| All-or-none law | principle stating that the size, amplitude, and velocity of the action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it
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| Astrocyte (astroglia) | relatively large, star-shaped glia cell
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| Axon | single thin fiber of constant diameter that extends from a neuron
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| Axon hillock | swelling of the soma, the point where the axon begins
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| Blood-brain barrier | mechanism that keeps many chemicals out of the brain
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| Cell body (soma) | structure of a cell that contains the nucleus
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| Concentration gradient | difference in distribution of ions across a membrane
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| Dendritic spine | short outgrowth along the dendrites
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| Depolarization | reduction in the level of polarization across a membrane
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| Efferent axon | neuron that carries information away from a structure
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| Electrical gradient | difference in positive and negative charges across a membrane
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| Endoplasmic reticulum | network of thin tubes within a cell that transports newly synthesized proteins to other locations
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| Glia | type of cell in the nervous system that, in contrast to neurons, does not conduct impulses to other cells
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| Glucose | a simple sugar, the main fuel of vertebrate neurons
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| Graded potential | membrane potential that varies in magnitude and does not follow the all-or-none law
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| Hyperpolarization | increased polarization across a membrane
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| Interneuron | neuron whose axons and dendrites are entirely contained within a given structure
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| Intrinsic neuron | neuron whose axons and dendrites are all confined within a given structure
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| Local anesthetic | drug that attaches to the sodium channels of the membrane, preventing sodium ions from entering and thereby blocking action potentials
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| Local neuron | small neuron with no axon or a very short one
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| Membrane | structure that separates the inside of a cell from the outside
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| Microglia | very small neurons that remove waste materials and microorganisms from the central nervous system
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| Mitochondrion (pl.: mitochondria) | structure where the cell performs the metabolic activities that provide energy
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| Motor neuron | neuron that receives excitation from other neurons and conducts impulses from its soma in the spinal cord to muscle or gland cells
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| Myelin | insulating material composed of fats and proteins
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| Myelin sheath | insulating material that covers many vertebrate axons
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| Myelinated axon | axon covered with a myelin sheath
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| Neuron | cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells by conducting electrochemical impulses
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| Node of Ranvier | short unmyelinated section of axon between segments of myelin
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| Nucleus | structure within a cell that contains the chromosomes; also a cluster of neuron cell bodies within the CNS
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| Oligodendrocytes | glia cells that surround and insulate certain axons in the vertebrate brain and spinal cord
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| Polarization | electrical gradient across a membrane
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| Presynaptic terminal | tip of an axon, the point from which the axon releases chemicals
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| Propagation of the action potential | transmission of an action potential down an axon
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| Radial glia | type of glia cells that guides the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryological development
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| Refractory period | brief period following an action potential, when the cell resists the production of further action potentials
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| Relative refractory period | time after the absolute refractory period, when potassium gates remain open wider than usual, requiring a stronger than usual stimulus to initiate an action potential
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| Resting potential | electrical potential across a membrane when a neuron is not being stimulated
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| Ribosome | site at which the cell synthesizes new protein molecules
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| Saltatory conduction | jumping of action potentials from one node to another by the flow of positive ions
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| Schwann cell | glia cell that surrounds and insulates certain axons in the periphery of the vertebrate body
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| Selective permeability | ability of certain chemicals to pass more freely than others through a membrane
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| Sensory neuron | neuron specialized to be highly sensitive to a specific type of stimulation
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| Sodium-potassium pump | mechanism that actively transports three sodium ions out of the cell while simultaneously drawing in two potassium ions
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| Thiamine (vitamin B1) | chemical necessary for the metabolism of glucose
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| Threshold of excitation | level of depolarization at which a brief stimulation triggers a rapid, massive electrical change by the membrane
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| Voltage-gated channel | membrane channel whose permeability to sodium (or some other ion) depends on the voltage difference across the membrane
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