C3 organic edexcel
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| Organic chemistry |
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| What is the formula of ethanol? | CH3-CH2-O-H or C2H5OH
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| Describe the conditions for the production of ethanol by fermentation of carbohydrates | warm temperatures (between 35 and 40C), under anaerobic conditions, with yeast to provide an enzyme for this reaction
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| Write the equation for the fermentation of sugar | C6H12O6 (+ yeast) 2 CO2 + 2 C2H5OH
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| Describe disadvantages of production of ethanol by fermentation | The reactant (sugar) requires a lot of land and suitable climate; the product of fermentation is a mixture that needs to be separated by fractional distillation; it is a batch process and takes a long time
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| What is the equation for the production of ethanol by hydration of ethane? | C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH
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| What is the equation for the DEhydration of ethanOL? | C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
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| Describe disadvantages of production of ethanol by hydration of Ethene | The reactant (ethene) is coming from a non-renewable source (crude oil); a lot of energy is required to maintain high temperature
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| Describe advantages of production of ethanol by hydration of Ethene | It is a continuous process
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| Describe advantages of production of ethanol by fermentation | The reactant (sugar) is coming from a renewable source (plants); little energy is required
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| Define a homologous series | a series of compounds which: have the same general formula; differ by a CH2; show a gradual variation in physical properties as exemplified by their boiling points; have similar chemical properties
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| Name the first 4 alcohols | Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol and Butanol
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| Name the first 4 carboxylic acids | Methanoic acid, Ethanoic acid, Propanoic acid and Butanoic acid
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| What is the general formula of AlkAnes? | CnH2n+2
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| What is the general formula of AlkEnes? | CnH2n
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| Describe the reaction that happens to Ethanol left in a room? | Ethanol will oxidise (react with Oxygen) to become Ethanoic Acid
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| Describe the use of vinegar | as a flavouring and as a preservative
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| Name the products of reaction of ethanoic acid with a metal like Magnesium | Hydrogen gas and a salt, Magnesium Ethanoate
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| Name the products of reaction of ethanoic acid with bases, like Sodium Hydroxide | Water and a salt, Magnesium Ethanoate
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| Name the products of reaction of ethanoic acid with carbonates | Carbon Dioxide gas and a salt, Magnesium Ethanoate
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| Describe what you would see when you place ethanoic acid in universal indicator | the indicator will turn red
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| Describe what you would see when you react ethanoic acid with sodium carbonate | Bubbles of carbon dioxide gas
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| Describe what you would see when you react ethanoic acid with Calcium | Bubbles of hydrogen gas
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| Name the products of reaction of ethanol with ethanoic acid | ethyl ethanoate and water
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| Name the products of reaction of propanol with ethanoic acid | propyl ethanoate and water
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| Name the products of reaction of methanol with butanoic acid | methyl butanoate and water
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| Write the equation for the reaction of ethanol with ethanoic acid using molecular and structural formulae | CH3-CH2-O-H + CH3-CH2-CO-O-H CH3-CH2-CO-O-CH2-CH3 + H2O
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| What is the structural formula of Ethyl Ethanoate? | CH2-COO-CH2-CH3
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| Describe uses of esters | as flavourings and perfumes, as they are pleasant smelling
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| Describe uses of polyesters | as fibres to make fabric and as plastics for making bottles
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| can polyesters be recycled? | yes, to form fleece that is used to make clothing
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| Describe the structure of oils and fats | they are tri-esters of glycerols
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| Describe how oils can be converted to soap | By boiling with concentrated sodium hydroxide
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| Name the products of the reaction of oils and fats when boiling with concentrated alkali solution | soaps and glycerol
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| Describe the structure of soaps | sodium or potassium salts of long carbon chain carboxylic acids
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| Describe how a soap removes dirt or grease | part of the soap, the head, is an anion is hydrophilic and dissolves in water; the other part, the tail, is hydrophobic and will dissolves in dirt or grease; a micelle forms and lifts away the grease spot; the micelle is washed away with rinsing waters
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| Describe how liquid oils can be converted to solid fats | by catalytic hydrogenation
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| Describe what happens to the oil structure during catalytic hydrogenation | the C=C unsaturation is removed when the Hydrogen adds on either side of the C=C bond
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| Describe how oil can be converted to margarine | add H2 to the oil with a Nickel catalyst
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| How would you draw an oil? | Draw a coat hanger; add C=O; add a wiggly chain
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