module 4
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| name of substituent CH3 | methyl
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| name of substituent C2H5 | ethyl
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| name of substituent C3H7 | propyl
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| name of substituent C4H9 | butyl
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| name of substituent Cl | chloro
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| name of substituent Br | bromo
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| name of substituent I | iodo
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| name of substituent F | flouro
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| name of substituent OH | hydroxy
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| what type of formula is this C4H10O | molecular
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| Impirical formula is | simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in compound
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| what is the general formula for; alkane alkene carboxylic acid ketone | CnH2n+2
CnH2n
CnH2n+1OH
CnH2nO2
CnH2nO
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| what does displayed formula show | relative positions and bonds in compound
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| what type of formula is this CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | structural
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| whats the ending for alkane | -ane
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| whats the ending for alkene | -ene
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| whats the ending for alkyne | -yne
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| prefix for haloalkane | halo-
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| ending for alcohol | -ol
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| ending for aldehyde + general formula | -al + RCHO
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| ending for ketone +general formula | -one +RCOR
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| ending for carboxylic acid+general formula | -oic acid +ROOH
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| ending for acyl chloride +general formula | -oyl chloride +RCOCL
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| ending for amide + general formula | -amide +RCONH2
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| ending for ester + general formula | -yl -oate +RCOOR
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| ending for nitrile +general formula | -nitrile +RCN
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| ending for amine +general formula | -amine +RNH2
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| prefix for nitro +general formula | nitro- +RNO2
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| ending for sulphonic acid +general formula | -sulphonic acid +RSO3H
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| ending for ether +general formula | -oxy -ane +ROR
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| what are the 5 types of isomerism | Structural isomerism;
chain
position
functional group
Stereoisomerism:
geometrical
optical
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| whats the difference/similarities in chain isomerism | different carbon position
similar chemical properties
slightly different physical properties (more branching/lower boiling point)
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| whats the difference/similarities in position isomerism | different functional group position
same functional group
same carbon skeleton
similar chemical properties
slightly different physical properties
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| whats the difference/similarities in functional group isomersim | different functional group
different chemical properties
different physical properties
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| what is the notation for geometrical isomerism and what do they each mean and when do use them | cis (Z)- priority groups on same side of C double bond
trans(E)-priority groups on opposite sides of C double bond
use cis/trans when 2 H and 2 other
use Z/E otherwise
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| what is an optical isomerism | mirror image
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| name three functional group isomerisms | alcohols (R-OH) and ethers (R-O-R)
aldehydes (R-CHO) and ketones (R-CO-R)
carboxylic acids (R-COOH) and esthers (R-COOR)
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| what is the priority scale in geometric isomerism | C2H5> CH3> H + I> Br> Cl> F> C> H
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| when can you not have a geometrical isomerism | when you have two similar atoms/groups attached to one end of a C double bond
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| what are the two different forms of optical isomerisms called | optical isomers or enantiomers
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| when do optical isomerisms occur | when they have a chiral centre that contains an asymmetric carbon with 4 different groups arranged tetrahedrally around it
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| what is fission | breaking of a covalent bond
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| what is hetrolytic fission | fission that forms unidentical ions (positive(electron deficient) one negative(electron rich))
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| what is homolytic fission | fission that forms two free radicals each one with one unpaired electron
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| what does a curly arrow represent | movement of of electrons
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| what does a single and double headed arrow represent | single-one electron
double-pair of electrons
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| what is a carbocation | positive ion with positive charge on C
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| what is addition reaction | reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule
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| what is substitution reaction | reaction where an atom/group replace another atom/group
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| what is elimination reaction | reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
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| what bond is in alkanes and how does it form | sigma bond formed by a direct overlap of S orbitals
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| what is the general lack of reactivity in alkanes owed to | C-C and C-H bonds are very strong
C-C bond is non polar + C and H have very similar electronegativity so non polar
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| whats the formula for complete combustion for alkanes | CxHy +(x+y/4)O2= xCO2 +y/2H2O
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| what two possible products (not H2O) form from incomplete combustion of alkanes | Co and C
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| what factors affect boiling points in alkanes and why | chain length-longer=more contact points= more LF
branching-less=more contact points=more LF
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| what are the conditions for reactions with alkanes and halogens | UV light
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| what is the mechanism for reaction with alkanes and halogens (and what the reaction called) | mechanism= free radical substitution
reaction= halogenation
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| what the initiation in alkane halogenation | homolytic fission e.g Br-Br= Br. +Br.
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| whats the propagation stage in alkane halogenation | e.g Br. attacks CH4 = CH4 + Br.= CH3. +HBr
then CH3.+ Br2= CH3Br +Br.
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| whats the termination for alkane halogenation | Br. +Br.= Br2
CH3. +CH3.= C2H6
CH3. + Br.= CH3Br
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| why is free radical substitution not ideal in haloalkane synthesis | because of possibility of further substitution to produce a mixture of products
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| what is the process that changes a long chain alkane into shorter alkane + unsaturated hydrocarbon and what are the conditions required | cracking and 450 degrees +zeolite catalyst
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| what is the process that changes straight chain alkane into branched | isomerisation
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| what is the process that changes straight chain alkane into a cycloalkane | reforming
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| what is the spacial arrangement around the the C double bond in alkenes | planar at 120 degrees
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| why is the process of promotion favourable | the arrangement of 4 unpaired electrons with less repulsion is more stable than 2 paired and 2 unpaired
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| what is the hybridisation of alkanes | combining the 2s and 2p3 orbitals to give 4 new orbitals that are equivalent (sp3) with irregular shape
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| what is the hybridisation of alkenes | combining 2s and 2p2 to give 3 new orbitals (sp2) that are equivalent the remaining 2p orbital is unchanged and remains dumbell
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| what is the arrangement of sp3 orbitals in alkanes and why | tetrahedral because they repel equally
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| how do the sp2 and 2p orbitals arrange themselves in alkenes | the sp2 orbitals repel in planar arrangement and 2p lies at right angles to them
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| how are covalent bonds formed | by overlap of orbitals
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| in alkenes how is the sigma bond formed | by an overlap in an sp2 orbital from each C
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| how is the pi bond formed in alkenes and what is the strongest bond | form the overlap of the 2 2p orbitals and the maximum overlap is when the 2p orbitals are in line (which gives rise to the planar arrangement)
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| which bond breaks first in alkenes | the pi bond as sigma is stronger
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| factors affecting boiling point in alkenes and why | chain length-longer =high as more points of contact
branching-less=higher as more points of contact
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| whats the pattern for melting point in alkenes | general increase with molecular mass
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| what are alkenes immiscible with and miscible with | immiscible with water because non polar but miscible with most organic solvents
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| what is the main reaction of alkenes | addition
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| what species are alkenes attracted to because of the extra electron density in the C double bond | electrophiles
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| what is a nucleophile | a species that is electron rich
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| what are the conditions for electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | room temp +reagent= hydrogen bromide
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| what is step one in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | as HBr nears alkene the C=C bond breaks and electrons attach to the positive H, the HBr breaks heterolytically to form bromide ion
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| what is step 2 in the electrophilic addition of hydrogen bromide to alkenes | the bromide ion acts as a nucleophile and attacks carbocation
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| why is it surprising bromine acts as a electrophile in the electrophile addition of bromine | because it non polar
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| how can bromine act as an electrophile in addition | as it approaches the alkene electrons in the pi bond repel the electrons in the Br-Br bond inducing a dipole
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| what is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons | add bromine and shake if goes clear then it was unsaturated
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| what are the conditions for the electrophilic additionof sulphuric acid | 0 degrees
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| what is the order of stability in carbocations | methyl< primary (attched to 1C)< secondary (attached to 2C)< tertiary (attached to 3C)
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| which path in addition to unsymmetrical alkenes produces the major product | the most stable one
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| what is the reagent and the conditions of hydration in alkenes | steam and 60ATM +300 degrees and an phosphoric acid catalyst
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| what is hydration of alkenes used for | ethanol manufacture
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| what is the reagent and the conditions for hydrogenation of alkenes | hydrogen and 150 degrees + finely divided nickel catalyst
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| what is hydrogenation used for | margarine manufacture
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| what happens during polymerisation | alkene undergoes an addition reaction with itself
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| what does the equation of a polymerisation show | the original monomer and the repeating unit
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| what polymers do these monomers make; ethene propene cholroethene tetraflouroethene | poly(ethene)
poly(propene)
poly(cholroethene) or polyvinylchloride (pvc)
poly(tetrafluoroethene) or PTFE (teflon)
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| what are the conditions for polymerisation | high pressure +temp and either an organic peroxide or Ziegler-Natta (based ob TiCl4) catalyst
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| what do the physical properties of polymers depend on | conditions used to create them
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| what do the chemical properties of polymers depend on | the functional group e.g polythene is resistant to chemical attack and non biodegradable (it is just a large alkane)
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| why is it hard to dispose of polymers | they are biodegradable and and unreactive with most chemicals
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| what is the problem with recycling polymers | expensive
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| what are the advantages of burning polymers | saves on landfill +produce energy
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| how does a feedstock work | uses waste of organic compounds to convert into hydrocarbons to then convert into polymers
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| what reagent and conditions does the elimination from halogenoalkanes use | alcoholic sodium hydroxide and reflux in alcoholic solution
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| what reagent and conditions does the dehydration from alcohols use | conc. sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid and reflux
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