Brain and Behavior Modules 7-11
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| Neuron | An individual nerve cell.
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| Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal cord.
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| Peripheral Nervous System | All parts of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord.
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| Nerve | A bundle of axons.
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| Somatic Nervous System | The system of nerves linking the spinal cord with the body and sense organs.
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| Autonomic Nervous System | The system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands.
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| Sympathetic Branch | The branch of the ANS that arouses the body.
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| Parasympathetic Branch | The branch of the ANS that quiets the body.
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| Dendrites | Neuron fibers that receive incoming messages.
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| Soma | The main body of a neuron or other cell.
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| Axon | Fiber that carries information away from the cell body of a neuron.
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| Axon terminals | Bulb-shaped structures at the ends of axons that form synapses with the dendrites and somas of other neurons.
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| Resting Potential | The electrical charge of an inactive neuron.
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| Action potential | A nerve impulse.
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| Ion Channels | Tiny openings through the axon membrane.
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| Negative After Potential | A drop in electrical charge below the resting potential
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| Myelin | A fatty layer coating some axons.
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| Saltatory conduction | The process by which nerve impulses conducted down the axons of neurons coated with myelin jump from gap to gap in the myelin layer.
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| Synapse | The microscopic space between two neurons, over which messages pass.
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| Neurotransmitter | Any chemical released by a neuron that alters activity in other neurons.
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| Receptor Sites | Areas on the surface of neurons and other cells that are sensitive to neurotransmitters or hormones.
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| Neuropeptides | Brain chemicals, such as enkephalins and endorphins, that regulate the activity of neurons.
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| Neural networks | Interlinked collections of neurons that process information in the brain.
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| Reflex Arc | The simplest behavior, in which a stimulus provokes an automatic response.
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| Neuroplasticity | The capacity of the brain to change in response to experience.
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| Neurogenesis | The production of new brain cells.
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| Cerebral Cortex | The outer layer of the brain.
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| Corticalization | An increase in the relative size of the cerebral cortex.
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| Split-brain operation | Cutting the corpus callosum. (help with epilepsy)
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| Lobes of the cerebral cortex | Areas on the left and right cortex bordered by major fissures or defined by their functions.
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| Frontal Lobes | Areas of the cortex associated with movement, the sense of self, and higher mental functions.
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| Primary motor cortex | A brain area associated with control of movement.
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| Mirror Neurons | Neurons that become active when a motor action is being carried out and when another organism is observing carrying out the same action.
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| Association Neurons | All areas of the cerebral cortex that are not primarily sensoryor motor in function.
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| Aphasia | A speech disturbance resulting from brain damage.
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| Broca's Area | A language area related to grammar and pronunciation.
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| Prefrontal area (prefrontal cortex) | The very front of the frontal lobes;involved in sense of self, reasoning and planning.
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| Parietal Lobes | Area of the cortex that include the sites in which body sensations register. (touch, temperature, and pressure)
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| Primary somatosensory area (cortex) | A receiving area for body sensations.
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| Temporal Lobes | Areas of the cortex that include the sites where hearing registers in the brain.
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| Primary auditory area (cortex) | Part of the temporal lobe in which auditory information is first registered.
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| Wernicke's area | A temporal lobe brain area related to language comprehension.
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| Occipital Lobes | Portion of the cerebral cortex in which vision registers in the brain.
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| Primary Visual Area | The part of the occipital lobe that first receives input from the eyes.
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| Visual agnosia | An inability to identify seen objects.
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| Facial agnosia | An inability to perceive familiar faces.
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| Subcortex | All brain structures below the cerebral cortex.
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| Brainstem | The lowest portions of the brain, including the cerebellum, medulla, pons, and reticular formation.
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| Medulla | The structure that connects the brain with the spinal cord and controls vital life functions.
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| Pons | An area on the brainstem that acts as a bridge between the medulla and other structures.
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| Cerebellum | A brain structure that controls posture, muscle tone, and coordination.
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| Reticular Formation | A network within the medulla and brainstem; associated with attention, alertness, and some reflexes.
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| Reticular activating system | A part of the reticular formation that activated the cerebral cortex.
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| Thalamus | A brain structure that relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex.
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| Hypothalamus | A small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviors and motives.
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| Limbic System | A system in the forebrain that is closely linked with emotional response.
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| Amygdala | A part of the limbic system associated with fear responses/
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| Hippocampus | A part of the limbic system associated with strong memories.
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| Endocrine System | Glands whose secretions pass directly into the bloodstream or lymph system.
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| Hormones | Glandular secretions that affect bodily functions or behavior.
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| Pituitary Gland | The master gland at the base of the brain whose hormones influence other endocrine glands.
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| Growth Hormone | A hormone, secreted by the pituitary gland, that promote body growth.
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| Oxytocin | A hormone, release by the pituitary gland, that plays a broad role in regulating pregnancy, parenthood, sexual activity, social bonding, trust, and even reducing stress reactions.
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| Pineal Gland | Gland in the brain that helps regulate body rhythms and sleep cycles.
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| Melatonin | Hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark.
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| Thyroid gland | Endocrine gland that helps regulate the rate of metabolism.
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| Epinephrine (Adrenaline) | An adrenal hormone that tends to around the body; epinephrine is associated with fear. (AKA adrenaline)
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| Norepinephrine | Both a brain neurotransmitter and an adrenal hormone that tends to arouse the body; norepinephrine is associated with anger. (AKA noradrenaline)
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| Adrenal Glands | Endocrine glands that arouse the body, regulate salt balance, adjust the body to stress, and affect sexual functioning.
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| Handedness | A preference for the left or right hand in most activities.
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| Sidedness | A combination of preference for hand, foot, eye, and ear.
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| Dominant Hemisphere | A term usually applied to the side of a person's brain that produces language.
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| Lateralization | Differences between the two sides of the body; especially, differences in the ability in the brain hemisphere.
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| Acetylcholine | Excitatory neurotransmitter, activates, muscles, participates in movement, autonomic function, learning, and memory, deficiency may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease.
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| Dopamine | Excitatory neurotransmitter, participates in motivation, rewards, planning of behavior, deficiency may lead to Parkinsons, reduced feelings of pleasure, excess may cause Schizphenia
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| Enkephalins | Related to endorphins, pain may cause the brain to release neuropeptides called enkephalins. These opiate-like neuroregulators relieve pain and stress.
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| Cerebrum | Includes the whole top part of the brain, including the white matter that are the axons (wires) connecting the surface to the rest of the brain.
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| Endorphins | related to enkephalins. Neuropeptides released by the pituitary gland, along with enkephalins these chemicals. Reduce pain so that it is not too disabling.
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| Corpus Callosum | Band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres
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| Mirror Neuron’s significance to Psychology | Mirror neurons play a role in empathy, socialization, and learning.
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| Effector Cells | Muscle fibers are made up of effector cells (cells capable of producing a response)
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| Connector Neuron | A neuron that links two others. The connector neuron activates a motor neuron.
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| Motor Neuron | A neuron that carries commands from the central nervous system to muscles and glands.
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| Grey Matter | The cerebral cortex covers most of the brain with grey matter. A spongy tissue. 3 mm thick. Contains 70% of the neurons in the central nervous system.
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