rad and matter
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| 5 ways x-rays interact with matter? | coherent scattering,
comptom effect,
photelectric effect,
pair production,
photodisintegration
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| 2 most important ways that x-rays interact with matter in producing x-rays are? | compton effect,
photoelectric
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| higher energy x-rays result in _________ wave lengths | short
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| do x-rays have long or short wavelengths? | short
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| moderate engery x-rays interact with _________ | electrons
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| high energy x-rays interact with __________ | nuclei
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| two other names for coherent scattering? | classical scattering,
thompson scattering
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| type of scattering were there is no change in energy but a change in direction | coherent scattering
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| type of scattering with no ionization | coherent scattering
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| which direction is commonly seen in coherent scattering? | forward direction
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| type of effect with ionization of the target atom, change in x-ray direction and reduction of energy? | compton effect
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| how is scatter x-ray absorbed in the compton effect? | photoeletrically
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| what effect is it when eletrons are emitted from matter after the absorption | photelectric effect
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| partial absorption and scattering | compton effect
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| form of ionizing radiation and as such can be dangerous | X-Rays
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| type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths | X-Rays
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| When radiation is only scattered by one localized scattering center, this is called? | single scattering
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| It is very common that scattering centers are grouped together, and in those cases the radiation may scatter many times, which is known as? | multiple scattering
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| the decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of an X-ray or gamma ray photon, when it interacts with matter? | compton effect
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| The amount the wavelength increases by is called? | compton shift
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| scattering where the photon gains energy (decreasing in wavelength) upon interaction with matter | inverse comtpton scattering
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| emitted electrons can be referred to as | photoelectrons
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| Two sources of ionizing radiation to which everyone is exposed? | Natural environmental (background radiation)
Man-made radiation
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| Examples of natural environmental (background) radiation? | Cosmic radiation from the sun and stars
Radioactive elements in the earth (uranium, radium, thorium)
Radio-potassium and radiocarbon (found in foods, drinking water, and the air)
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| Man made radiation sources? | Fallout from nuclear weapons testing and effluents from nuclear power plants
Radioactive materials used in industry
Medical and dental exposures
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| ALARA | As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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| The amount of radiation needed, when applied to the skin, to make it turn temporarily red? | erythema dose
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| A unit of gamma radiation measured by the amount of ionization in air. In non-bony biological tissue 1 roentgen delivers a dose approximately equal to 1 rad? | Roentgen
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| one ______ equal to the absorption of radiation energy per gram of matter. It has been replaced by the gray? | Rad
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| Roentgen equivalent man, a unit used in radiation protection to measure the amount of damage to human tissue from a dose of ionizing radiation? | Rem
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| A unit of radioactivity that represents the amount of radioactivity associated with one gram of radium? | Curie
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| basis for the NCRP’s establishment of policies and procedures for radiation exposures | ALARA
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| Radiation workers are limited by a maximum of Effective Dose Equivalent of? | 5 rem per year
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| General public is allowed a dose limit of? | .5 rem per year
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| Anyone less than 18 years old should receive no more than? | 0.1 rem whole-body dose in 1 year
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| Pregnant woman should not receive no more than? | .5 rem per year
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| SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Two sources of medical radiation exposure are? X-rays (external source) Radionuclides (internal source) | X-rays (external source)
Radionuclides (internal source)
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| Ways in which mutations can manifest themselves are? | Miscarriages
Physical birth defects
Metabolic or biologic changes causing a predisposition to disease or premature death
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| Dose is measured in? | grays (Gy) or sievert (Sv)
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| REM measures? | radiation equivlalent
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| radiation absorption is measured by? | RAD, radiation absorption dose
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| 100 RAD = how many Gy? | 1
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| what is the unit of radioactive activity? | becquerel
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| What does EDE stand for? | effective dose equivalent
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| there is no energy transfer at a deflection of how many degrees? | zero
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| which has a higher frequency, hard or soft x-rays? | hard
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| which has a shorter wavelength hard x-rays or soft x-rays? | hard
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| what is it called when electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation? | photoelectric
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| what effect is it when electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation? | hertz effect
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| the theory of an elecctromagnetic wave scattered by charged particles? | thompson scattering
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| the wavelength of the incident x-ray is _________ the wavelength of the scattered x-ray? | equal to
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| most coherently scattered x-rays are scattered in what direction? | forward
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| decrease in energy (increase in wavelength) of a x-ray or gamma ray photon when it interacts with matter is called? | compton scattering
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| in this type of scattering the photon gains energy (wavelength gets shorter) as it interacts with matter? | inverse compton scattering
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| amount a wavelength changes is know as? | compton shift
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| what type of effect is it if a photon has low energy but still has sufficient enough energy to eject an electron from its host atom? | photoelectric effect
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| when higher energy photons bombard the nucleus and cause an electron and positron to be formed it is called? | pair production
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