cellular metabolism
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| metabolism refers to all of the _____ that occur in the body. | chemical reactions
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| One reason that protein synthesis is important is that | enzymes are proteins and enzymes are essential to metabolism.
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| Anabolic metabolism refers to | A biochemical reactions that synthesize compounds.
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| Which of the following is an example of catabolism? | .The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.
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| Catabolism refers to | breakdown of large molecules.
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| An example of an anabolic reaction is | many monosaccharides bonding, forming glycogen.
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| In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate, | .monosaccharides join.
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| When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule | water molecule is used.
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| Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. | lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds
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| Which of the following is not a characteristic of enzymes? | They are most active at temperatures about 53 degrees C.
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| An enzyme is | a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.
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| The name of an enzyme ends in | ase
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| The basic steps of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are: | substrate and enzyme combine, forming an E-S complex. The reaction occurs, products are released, and the unchanged enzyme is released andrecycled.
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| Which of the following best describes the interaction between an enzyme and its substrate? | .Part of the enzyme temporarily binds part of the substrate molecule.
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| An active site of an enzyme is | the part of an enzyme that combines with a product
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| An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is | number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.
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| Three factors that increase the rates of enzyme-controlled reactions are the | number of enzyme molecules, number of substrate molecules, and efficiency of the enzyme.
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| A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. | a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc
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| Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients | act as cofactors.
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| A molecule that carries energy in a form the cell can use is | ATP
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| ATP is important to cellular processes because it | provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken.
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| Energy is defined as | the capacity of matter to change.
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| What is the function of ATP molecules in living cells? | They hold energy from the oxidation of fuels in their high-energy phosphate bonds, and the energy is used invarious cell processes.
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| Oxidation during cellular respiration differs from burning in that respiration | uses enzymes to lower the activation energy.
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| The reactions of anaerobic respiration take place in the | cytoplasm
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| Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? | ATP
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| A molecule that is common to carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways and connects these two pathways metabolically is | acetyl coenzyme A.
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| A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in | glycolysis.
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| In the citric acid cycle | carbon dioxide is released.
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| In cellular respiration, | energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules.
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| Anaerobic respiration occurs in _____, whereas aerobic respiration occurs in ______. | cytoplasm without O2 required; mitochondria with O2 required
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| Anaerobic respiration | breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules.
.occurs in the absence of oxygen.
.releases energy
transfers energy to ATP molecules
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| A molecule that is a storage form of carbohydrate is | glycogen
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| Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? | nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome
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| If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is | AGTCCGATAAGGGC.
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| DNA replication occurs | during interphase of the cell cycle.
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| During DNA replication, | the DNA double helix comes apart where hydrogen bonds join base pairs, and new nucleotides are broughtin, forming two double helices
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| How many codons specify the twenty types of amino acids? | 61
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| The genetic code is | the correspondence between a DNA nucleotide and a specific amino acid.
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| Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA? | Thymine
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| A sequence of DNA 333 nucleotides long that is part of a gene encodes ___ amino acids. | 111
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| DNA transcribed to mRNA always begins with the sequence | AUG
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| Copying DNA information into an mRNA molecule is called | transcription.
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| Transcription and translation differ in that | transcription produces RNA and translation produces protein.
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| A peptide bond forms between | adjacent amino acids held on a ribosome and bound to tRNAs.
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| Which DNA sequence can encode the amino acid sequence ile-asp-ser-cys-his-tyr? | A.TAGCTGTCAACAGTGATA
B.TAACTGTCGACGGTGATG
C.TAACTAAGTACGGTGATG
D.GTAGTGGCATGAATCAAT
all above
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| A chaperone protein | helps a protein to fold.
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| Codons are part of | mRNA
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| Synthesis of a protein stops when | .any of three "stop" codons are encountered in the mRNA.
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| A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes an mRNA of sequence | UUGCCACGUGGUGCC
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| A DNA sequence AACGGTGCACCACGG encodes a portion of a protein of sequence | leu-pro-arg-gly-ala
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| A mutation is | a change in a DNA sequence in less than 1% of a population that affects anatomy and/or physiology.
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| A mutation can cause disease if | the DNA sequence changes so that one amino acid is substituted for another in a way that affects the encoded protein's functioning.
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| In the DNA damage response | repair enzymes replace mismatched nucleotides in DNA.
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