unit four vocabulary for AP chemistry
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| energy | capacity to do work or cause heat flow
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| law of conservation of energy | energy can be converted from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed
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| potential energy | energy due to position or composition
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| kinetic energy | energy due to motion of an object. depends on mass of object and square of its velocity
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| heat | energy transferred between two objects due to temperature differences between them
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| work | force acting over a distance
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| pathway | specific conditions for energy transfer
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| state function (property) | property that is independent of the pathway
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| system | in thermodynamics, part of the universe on which attention should be focused.
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| surroundings | in thermodynamics, include everything the the universe except the system.
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| exothermic | refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system
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| endothermic | refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system.
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| thermodynamics | study of energy and its interconversions
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| first law of thermodynamics | energy of the universe is constant- same as law of conservation of energy
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| internal energy | property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both.
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| enthalpy | property of a system that is equal to E+PV
change in enthalpy equals energy flow as heat
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| calorimeter | insulated device that is used to measure amount of hat released or absorbed during a physical or chemical process.
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| calorimetry | science of measuring heat flow
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| heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of an object by 1 degree celsius
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| specific heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 gram of a given substance by 1 degree celsius
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| molar heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 mole of a given substance by 1 degree celsius
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| constant-pressure calorimetry | used to detect change in enthalpy for reactions that occur in solutions
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| constant-volume calorimetry | used to measure energy changes in reactions that occur where volume does not change.
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| Hess's Law | in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in 1 step or in a series of steps.
enthalpy is a state function.
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| standard enthalpy of formation | enthalpy change that accompanies formation of 1 mole of a compound at 25 degrees C.
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| standard state | referenced state for a specific substance defined according to a set of conventional definiton
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| spontaneous process | physical or chemical change that occurs without outside intervention and may require energy to be supplied to begin the process
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| entropy | thermodynamic function measures randomness or disorder
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| positional probabiltity | type of probability that depends on the number of arrangements in space that yield a particular state
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| second law of thermodynamics | spontaneous process there is always an increase in entropy of the universe.
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| free energy | thermodynamics function equal to enthalpy minus product of entropy and the kelvin temperature.
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| third law of thermodynamics | entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zero
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| standard free energy change | change in free energy that will occur for 1 unit of reaction if reactants in standard state are converted to produces in their standard state.
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| standard free energy of formation | change in free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of substance from its constituent elements with all reactants and products in their standard state.
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| equilibrium point (thermodynamic definition) | position where free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value.
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| salt bridge | U tube containing an electrolyte that connects 2 compartments of a galvanic cell allowing ion flow without extensive mixing of different solutions
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| porous disk | disk in a tube connecting 2 different solutions in a galvanic cell allows ion flow without extensive mixing of solutions
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| galvanic cell | device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work
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| anode | electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs
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| cathode | electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs
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| cell potential (electromotive force) | driving force in galvanic cell that pulls electrons from reducing agent in 1 compartment to oxidizing agent in the other.
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| volt | unit of electrical potential defined as 1 joule of work per coulomb of charge transferred.
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| voltmeter | instrument that measures cell potential by drawing electric current through a known reisstance
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| potentiometer | instrument that has a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals
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| concentration cell | galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components but at different concentrations
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| Nernest equation | equation relating potential of electrochemical cell to concentration of cell components.
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| glass electrode | electrode for measuring pH from potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions
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| ion-selective electrode | an electrode that is sensitive to concentrations of a particular ion in solution
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| battery | group of galvanic cells connected in series
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| lead storage battery | battery (used in cars) in which the anode is lead, cathode is lead coated with a lead dioxide and electrolyte is sulfuric acid soltuion
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| dry cell battery | common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and portable audio players.
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| fuel cell | galvanic cell for which reactants are continuously supplied
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| corrosion | process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere
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| galvanizing | process by which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion
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| cathodic protection | method on which an active metal, Mg, connceted to steel to protect it from corrosion
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