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unit four AP chem
unit four vocabulary for AP chemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| energy | capacity to do work or cause heat flow |
| law of conservation of energy | energy can be converted from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed |
| potential energy | energy due to position or composition |
| kinetic energy | energy due to motion of an object. depends on mass of object and square of its velocity |
| heat | energy transferred between two objects due to temperature differences between them |
| work | force acting over a distance |
| pathway | specific conditions for energy transfer |
| state function (property) | property that is independent of the pathway |
| system | in thermodynamics, part of the universe on which attention should be focused. |
| surroundings | in thermodynamics, include everything the the universe except the system. |
| exothermic | refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system |
| endothermic | refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system. |
| thermodynamics | study of energy and its interconversions |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy of the universe is constant- same as law of conservation of energy |
| internal energy | property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both. |
| enthalpy | property of a system that is equal to E+PV change in enthalpy equals energy flow as heat |
| calorimeter | insulated device that is used to measure amount of hat released or absorbed during a physical or chemical process. |
| calorimetry | science of measuring heat flow |
| heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of an object by 1 degree celsius |
| specific heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 gram of a given substance by 1 degree celsius |
| molar heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 mole of a given substance by 1 degree celsius |
| constant-pressure calorimetry | used to detect change in enthalpy for reactions that occur in solutions |
| constant-volume calorimetry | used to measure energy changes in reactions that occur where volume does not change. |
| Hess's Law | in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in 1 step or in a series of steps. enthalpy is a state function. |
| standard enthalpy of formation | enthalpy change that accompanies formation of 1 mole of a compound at 25 degrees C. |
| standard state | referenced state for a specific substance defined according to a set of conventional definiton |
| spontaneous process | physical or chemical change that occurs without outside intervention and may require energy to be supplied to begin the process |
| entropy | thermodynamic function measures randomness or disorder |
| positional probabiltity | type of probability that depends on the number of arrangements in space that yield a particular state |
| second law of thermodynamics | spontaneous process there is always an increase in entropy of the universe. |
| free energy | thermodynamics function equal to enthalpy minus product of entropy and the kelvin temperature. |
| third law of thermodynamics | entropy of a perfect crystal at 0K is zero |
| standard free energy change | change in free energy that will occur for 1 unit of reaction if reactants in standard state are converted to produces in their standard state. |
| standard free energy of formation | change in free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of substance from its constituent elements with all reactants and products in their standard state. |
| equilibrium point (thermodynamic definition) | position where free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value. |
| salt bridge | U tube containing an electrolyte that connects 2 compartments of a galvanic cell allowing ion flow without extensive mixing of different solutions |
| porous disk | disk in a tube connecting 2 different solutions in a galvanic cell allows ion flow without extensive mixing of solutions |
| galvanic cell | device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work |
| anode | electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs |
| cathode | electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs |
| cell potential (electromotive force) | driving force in galvanic cell that pulls electrons from reducing agent in 1 compartment to oxidizing agent in the other. |
| volt | unit of electrical potential defined as 1 joule of work per coulomb of charge transferred. |
| voltmeter | instrument that measures cell potential by drawing electric current through a known reisstance |
| potentiometer | instrument that has a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals |
| concentration cell | galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components but at different concentrations |
| Nernest equation | equation relating potential of electrochemical cell to concentration of cell components. |
| glass electrode | electrode for measuring pH from potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions |
| ion-selective electrode | an electrode that is sensitive to concentrations of a particular ion in solution |
| battery | group of galvanic cells connected in series |
| lead storage battery | battery (used in cars) in which the anode is lead, cathode is lead coated with a lead dioxide and electrolyte is sulfuric acid soltuion |
| dry cell battery | common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and portable audio players. |
| fuel cell | galvanic cell for which reactants are continuously supplied |
| corrosion | process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere |
| galvanizing | process by which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion |
| cathodic protection | method on which an active metal, Mg, connceted to steel to protect it from corrosion |
Created by:
mrsklann
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