Diagnostic Radiography VETT-116
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| show | environmental -sun), medical -Xray imaging, CAT Occupational- Xray techs, vet techs.
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| Why X-rays are so harmful | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Pass through and cause no damage 2. Produce repairable cell damage as new cells replace old damaged cells. 3. Produce permanent cell damage-not repairable 4.Kill the cell, and eventually kill the tissue
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| Cells and tissues most sensitive to radiation | show 🗑
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| Results of overexposure to radiation | show 🗑
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| Somatic( has some in it) | show 🗑
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| Genetic ( has gene in it ) | show 🗑
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| Exposure from the radiation machine | show 🗑
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| show | Xray tube when handling, a greater distance from the machine will decrease or eliminate exposure
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| show | Measuring exposure max dose of radiation an individual may receive during a specific period. the MPD levels are determined by NCRP nation council/committee on radiation protection and measurements-non profit organization of experts
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| show | -5 rem or 0.05 Sieverts (sv)
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| show | 1 device per person,worn by individual when xrays being made only, device should be sent to outside lab for processing and evaluation on a regular basis. tied to SS number
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| show | 1. film badge-rings , wrist bands to clip on. pregnant should wear 2 one at waste high. 2. TLS thermoluminescent dosimeters -calcium or lithium fluoride. 3. OSL-optically stimulated luminescence badges-
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| 4 types of rad exposure monitoring devices | show 🗑
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| show | techs responsible for maintenance -look for cracks, holes, leaks and wear. made of rubber and lead lining. aprons should be hung vertically or laid flat. don't stack stuff on top.
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| show | gloves should not be folded may cause cracks. inspect regularly. have an inspection chart
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| Radiation safety | show 🗑
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| show | may be recommended vet, not necessary for every patient. patient can be supported by sand bags or other cushions adhesive tape, anesthesia. Reduces exposure to more than one staff.
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| PPE- personal protection equipment | show 🗑
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| show | a part of X ray machine, used to restrict field size of xray beam. a light will illuminate so you can see size of beam and area it will xray. never hold Xray tube, due top possible tube leakage
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| Tips on reducing exposure | show 🗑
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| Safety Regulations | show 🗑
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| Absorbed dose | show 🗑
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| Dose equivalent | show 🗑
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| show | device used to measure radiation exposure to personnel
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| show | various methods used to measure radiation exposure to personnel
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| show | special radiographic diagnostic method in which a " live view" of the internal anatomy is possible
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| show | effects of rad that occur in the genes of reproductive cells
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| Gray (Gy) | show 🗑
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| Hemopoietic | show 🗑
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| Leukopoietic | show 🗑
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| show | method of dosimetry consisting of a charged ion chamber and electrometer, which can be read immediately to determine the amount of exposure
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| Primary beam | show 🗑
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| Secondary radiation | show 🗑
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| Sievert (Sv) | show 🗑
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| show | damage to the body induced by radiation that becomes manifest within the lifetime of the recipient.
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| show | method of dosimetry consisting of a chamber containing special compounds that become electrically altered by ionizing radiation
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| Radiaton safety program contains | show 🗑
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| show | as low as reasonably achievable
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| show | whole body up to .05 sv/yearly from occupational and .005 Sv(.5 rem)background exposure. individual organs and tissues 0.5 sv( 50 rem) Occupational, 0.05 Sv (5 rem) background. lens of eye .15 Sv( 1.5 rem) occupational, 0.03 Sv ( 3. rem) background
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| Background exposure | show 🗑
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| show | breeding animals should have their gonads covered when taking xrays to protect the reproduction system
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| show | less penetrating like the bounce off of radiation in a scattering beam. without filters the total skin rad dose for both patient and personnel would increase approx 4 times
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| Genetic damage | show 🗑
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| General maintenance of Xray room | show 🗑
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| show | responsibility includes checking PPE, staff training, using of the PPE, managing, ordering, mailing and maintaining reports for dosimeters badges.
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| Digital radiography | show 🗑
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| Computed Tomography (CT)/ Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | show 🗑
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| show | a positively charged electrode
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| Atom- consists of small particles protons, neutrons and electrons | show 🗑
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| show | the number of protons in an atoms nucleus
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| Cathode | show 🗑
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| Electromagnetic radiation : particles and waves | show 🗑
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| show | electromagnetic radiation grouped according to wavelength and frequency ( infrared, ultraviolet, gamma)
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| show | a negatively charged particle that travels around the nucleus
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| show | a process in which an electron is moved to a higher energy level within the atom, moves to another shell closer to the valence shell, or to the valence shell
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| Fluorescence | show 🗑
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| Frequency | show 🗑
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| show | electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of radioactive substances
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| Infrared Rays | show 🗑
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| Ionization | show 🗑
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| show | a neutral particle located in the nucleus of an atom
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| show | A bundle of radiant energy ( synonymous with quanta) they have no mass or electrical charge. they consist of pure energy and are transported or carried by the wave
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| show | a positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom
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| Quanta | show 🗑
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| Radiant energy | show 🗑
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| show | a visible photographic record on film produced by Xrays passing through an object
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| show | an electrons orbital path and energy level. atoms surround the nucleus
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| Ultraviolet rays | show 🗑
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| show | an area from which all air has been removed
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| Wavelength | show 🗑
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| show | 1% of the energy from fast moving electrons. the form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but of a shorter wavelength. generated when fast moving electrons (negative particles) collide with any matter. best achieved in an xray tube
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| Xray beam | show 🗑
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| Wavelength groups starting with the shortest waves | show 🗑
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| show | when charged particles ( 2 electrodes cathode and anode that are opposite electrical charges ) when they collide the give off a lot of heat. are slowed down or stopped by atoms of a target area, this process occurs in the xray tube to create an xray beam
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| show | meaning xrays that have a shorter wavelength penetrate farther than xrays that have longer wavelengths
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| show | 1. wavelength is variable and is related to the energy of the radiation 2. travel is in a straight line, direction can be altered but the new path is also a straight line
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| third property | show 🗑
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| show | amount of absorption depends on the atomic number, the physical density of the object and energy of the xray
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| show | 4. fluorescence (emit visible light) crystalline substances like calcium tungstate or rare earth phosphors florescence( emit light) with the visible spectrum after absorbing electromagnetic radiation of a shorter wavelength
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| show | 5. xrays produce an invisible image on photographic film that can be made visible by processing the film
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| sixth property | show 🗑
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| sixth property | show 🗑
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| seventh property | show 🗑
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| show | the first written report concerning xrays and their use for medical and surgical diagnosis was make in 1895
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| show | is the smallest wave and the most dangerous, cosmic, gamma
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| Radiography vs Xray | show 🗑
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| show | a table for positioning, (or hand held for large animals) a control panel to select kilovoltage, milliamperage and time of exposure on a common selector control. must be set correctly for a properly exposed radiograph
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| show | stands for milliamperage, the dial automatically sets the highest mA station and the fastest time to provide the requested mA , the lower the mA the lower numbers or less electrons. the higher the mA the higher number of the electrons
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| show | in seconds controls the volume or number of xray photons produced.
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| Andre M Ampere | show 🗑
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| 3 types of Xray machines | show 🗑
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| Portable xray- should never be hand held | show 🗑
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| Common characteristics of a portable xray | show 🗑
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| Mobile unit | show 🗑
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| Stationary units | show 🗑
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| show | study of moving structures. an image that is continuous in time. involves a direct xray beam through patient into an image intensifier. the intensifier amplifies the xrays coming through the patient reducing the amount of radiation needed
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| Fluoroscopy | show 🗑
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| show | gastrointestinal studies, tracheal studies, myelography and heart and vascular studies
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| Digital imaging | show 🗑
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| Digital radiography (DR) | show 🗑
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| Digital radiography (DR) - uses film | show 🗑
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| Computed radiography CR- doesn't use film | show 🗑
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| show | allows images to see both bone and tissue. the spatial ( 2 adjacent structures) and wide latitude ( range of many shades of grey)
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| Quantum Mottle | show 🗑
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| show | increase in speed over time
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| show | a mixture of metals
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| Anode | show 🗑
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| Cathode | show 🗑
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| show | a restrictive device used to control the size of the primary xray beam
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| show | the control panel of the xray machine
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| show | the area of the focal spot that is visible through the xray tube window and directed toward the xray film. this spot is always smaller than the actual focal spot
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| show | part of a low energy circuit in the cathode that when heated releases electrons from their orbits
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| show | the small area of the target which electrons collide on the anode. this spot is always larger than the effective focal spot
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| Film Records | show 🗑
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| Film identification - must be permanent on the exposure | show 🗑
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| window | show 🗑
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| Focusing cup | show 🗑
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| show | glass vacuum tube that contains the anode and cathode of the xray tube
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| show | a decreased of xray intensity on the anode side of the xray beam caused by the anode target angle.
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| show | the amount of electrical energy being applied to the anode and cathode to accelerate the electrons from the cathode to the anode ( 1 kV-1000 volts (V) )
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| Kilovoltage peak kVp | show 🗑
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| Line focus principle | show 🗑
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| show | amount of electrical energy being applied to the filament, mA describes the number of xrays produced during exposure
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| Molybdenum | show 🗑
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| Penumbra or halo effect | show 🗑
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| Rotating anode | show 🗑
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| show | a nonmoving anode, usually found in dental and small portable radiographic units
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| Target | show 🗑
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| show | a common metal used in a filament of a cathode
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| Xray tube | show 🗑
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| Xray tube | show 🗑
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| Exposure button | show 🗑
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| show | voltage compensator, kilovoltage selector, on/off switch, milliamperage selector, timer, exposure button, warning light
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| what is required on a label of a radiograph | show 🗑
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| show | transformer, generator, line voltage compensator, timer and rectifier
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| More xrays leave the xray tube on the | show 🗑
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| High kilovoltage (kVp) and low milliamperage-second(mAs) | show 🗑
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| show | controls the electrical potential across the filament and affects the volume of electrons created and thus the number or volume of xrays created.
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| Stationary anode | show 🗑
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| show | body parts, also limited in its ability to produce short xray exposure of efficient strength for chest radiograph to eliminate respiratory motion artifact
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| Rotating anode | show 🗑
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| Rotating anode | show 🗑
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| Rotating anode | show 🗑
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| show | always place the thickest part of the patient on the cathode side of the xray tube, a more uniformed density can be obtained on the radiograph
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| show | provided by all manufacturer's of xray tubes. it provides important information on the maximum safe exposure time that can be used with specific milliamperage and kilovoltage settings. longer than designated exposure times are used ,
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| Tube rating chart | show 🗑
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| physics of Xray production | show 🗑
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| show | 2 events occur when electrons approach the atoms of the target. 1st electrons miss the atoms and their orbital electrons and go thru the entire target and absorbed by the
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| physics of Xray production | show 🗑
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| physics of Xray production | show 🗑
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| Scatter radiation -are the main source of radiation exposure for vet techs | show 🗑
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| Scatter radiation | show 🗑
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| Scatter radiation | show 🗑
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| show | 3 factors. kilovoltage, thickness of the part being x-rayed and size of the field. to reduce exposure the use of beam limiting devices, correct kilos settings, compression radiography and grids are used
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| show | must have the kilovoltage, milliamperage and time of exposure set correctly to have a properly exposed radiograph
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| show | when an xray leaves the tube and has an uneven xray photon distribution, is related to the angle of the target areas and to absorption by the anode and target material. as a result the beam is more intense at the side of the
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| Heel effects | show 🗑
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| show | is determined by its penetrating power. shorter wavelength radiation has increased penetrating power and is said to have increased penetrating ability
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| show | is defined as the amount of energy flowing per second through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of the beam. Or is 3.20
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| Exposure time | show 🗑
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| show | is the quantity of xrays required for a given exposure. is the product of mA x time( in seconds) x mAs.
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| show | 20 mA x1/2 sec=10 mAs. how? 20x1/2=20/2=10, OR 100 mA x 1/10 sec=10 mAs How? 100x1/10 = 100/10=10. 100mA x 1/20 s-5mAs, 300mA x 1/60=5mAs. 300mA x 1/20= 15mAs. 200mA x 1/10s=20 mAs
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| show | means shorter exposure time.
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| show | the distance between source of xray(focal spot of tube) and the image receptor ( cassette or film) also affects the intensity of the image produced as the SID is decreased the
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| show | intensity of the xray is increased, if the SID increases the intensity of the xray decreases
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| Inverse square law- if FFD is doubled the mAs must increase 4 x to maintain density | show 🗑
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| Inverse square law | show 🗑
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| show | old mAs ( new sid)2/( old sid)2 = new mAs
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| When the SID is changed | show 🗑
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| show | inches ( 80-110 cm) usually noted on the tube stand or housing verify the SID before every radiograph because of the effect of the SID on radiographic film density
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| show | is motion. screws the image every time
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| Radiographic density | show 🗑
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| Radiographic density | show 🗑
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| Contrast | show 🗑
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| show | time of exposure, mA and kVp, time and mA makes mAs
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| Milliamperage | show 🗑
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| show | Measured in fractions of seconds. controls how long the electron circuit is allowed to flow from cathode to anode. use the shortest amount of time possible to decrease movement, blurry. make sure exposure time allowed for contact with the film
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| mAs- milliamperage seconds | show 🗑
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| kVp- kilovoltage peak | show 🗑
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| Distance | show 🗑
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| show | the object ( patient ) to film. closer patient to film less likely distorted. closer gives a clearer picture. patent as parallel and close is best.
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| Grid | show 🗑
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| Grid | show 🗑
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| types of grid patterns used | show 🗑
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| show | sized by height of lead strips and distance between lead strips. grid with 15:1 blocks out more radiation than 5:1 grid.
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| show | 1. measure area to be radiographed 2. set appropriate kVp and mAs settings. 3. check FFD 4. create exposure 5. process film 6. evaluate for diagnostic quality
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| In most states, an employee who is terminated for willful violation of safety rules will likely be denied: | show 🗑
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| show | false
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| Which is NOT one of the 3 methods of radiation protection? | show 🗑
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| show | is a universal ditital image format. images produced form equipment using DICOM standard can communicate another vendors software. this functionality enables image storage, query, retrieval, display and manipulation. also store US-ultrasound, MRI, CT,
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| show | radiography, SC or secondary capture like film scanner. a service class provider(SCP) or service calls users (SCUs) allow the DICOM to work.
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| show | computer system used to move images around to different computer work stations within a single or multiple hospitals. and also a method of storing imaging data permanently.
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| benefits of PACs | show 🗑
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| show | when system goes down, blocked or loss of connectivity there is decreased productivity, data can be lost, users must have excellent knowledge of system.
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| show | software programs that allow all patient data to be made available and coupled with digital imaging data. the data input is coordinated with all other hospital forms and records, like patient id and details are entered into the digital
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| show | file and automatically transferred to radiology forms. reduce redundant data entry.
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| show | allows transmission of digital data across the internet from private practices to referral centers around the world. specialists can receive images instantly interpret then and quickly send back a written report. no mailing necessary
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| show | factors that must be selected include time of exposure, mA and kV, focal film distance, type of intensifying screen, type of xray film and tabletop vs grid technique.
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| show | this controls the quantity of electrons boiled off the filament in the xray tube, its a quantity factor because it controls the quantity of xrays that will be produced at the target area. most operate at a setting of 50-300 mA.
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| Exposure Milliamperage | show 🗑
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| Exposure time- affects quantity of xray and density of image | show 🗑
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| Exposure time | show 🗑
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| show | is the quality factor that regulate the energy of the xray beam. the setting regulates the voltage differential applied between the anode and cathode in the tube. high voltage the faster the electrons are accelerated and the greater the energy of the
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| show | beam.the greater the energy, the greater amount of patient tissue that an be penetrated. increasing the kA will also increase density/film blackness because of the increased photons passing through the patient most common setting is 40k-150k V ( 40-150 kV
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| show | refers to the number of shades of grey that can be seen. if not contrast existed all radiographs would be opaque. low kVp setting produces higher contrast image -more lack and white in appearance with few grays. Use of high kVps
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| kV and the scale of contrast | show 🗑
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| increasing radiographic density or film blackness | show 🗑
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| show | is the distance between the focal spot on the anode in the tube and the xray detector. this factor is normally kept constant from one exposure to the next the norm is 90-105 cm(36-42 in) for small animals. 70-85 cm (28-34 in) for large animals
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| Focal film distance | show 🗑
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| Focal film distance | show 🗑
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| show | the intensity of the xray beam at a given point is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the xray source . So, if you double the film distance from xray source, you will decrease the beam intensity to 1/4 of the
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| Inverse square law | show 🗑
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| Radiographic film quality | show 🗑
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| show | refers to the degree of sharpness that defines the edge of an anatomic structure. represents the best possible reproduction of an organ, detail is influenced by every possible factor , geometry and motion factors are more influential than others.
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| show | the FFD or focal film distance or SID source image distance is important factor of image lose. if the spot is too close to the part xray'd magnification and lack of distinction will be noted at the margins of the structures.
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| radiographic detail | show 🗑
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| show | should be kept as short as possible to prevent image distortion ( penumbra effect )due to magnification, this is why the goal is to have the object being examined as close the xray detector as possible
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| show | can be due to respiration, intestinal or patient movement. sedation is necessary to prevent unsharpness due to patient movement and mA settings are adjusted to prevent blurring due to breathing or bowel movements, thorax xrays need at
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| Movement a factor that influences detail | show 🗑
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| Size of focal spot influences detail | show 🗑
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| show | magnification and distortion will loss detail.
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| show | poor film screen contact, over and under exposure often result from improper technique chart or carelessness. scatter rad. light leakage, rapid high temp processing techniques
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| show | refers to the density or opacity difference between 2 areas on a radiograph. High contrast - fewer shades of grey also very black and white. high contrast is ideal for spine and extremity film
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| latitude | show 🗑
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| Greatest influence on contrast is kV | show 🗑
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| Greatest influence on contrast is kV | show 🗑
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| magnification | show 🗑
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| magnification | show 🗑
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| Technical errors and artifacts | show 🗑
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| show | mA or kV setting too high, FFD is too short, wrong measurement of anatomic part. equip malfunction, speed of intensifying screen too fast.
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| show | mA or kV setting to low, FFD is too long, wrong measurement of anatomic part, speed of intensifying screen too slow
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| Black marks or artifacts error | show 🗑
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| White marks of artifacts error | show 🗑
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| show | film exposed to radiation ( scatter, secondary or direct) lack of grid for exam of a thick part, outdated film, film stored in hot or humid place
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| Distorted or blurred radiograph error | show 🗑
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| show | gridlines, grid out of focus, primary bean mot centered, grid upside down, grid damaged, causing distorted gridline
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| Miscellaneous artifact error | show 🗑
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| show | mA, kVp, focal film distance FFD and source image distance SID, object film distance OFD. changing one factor usually requires adjustments in another factor to maintain the same density
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| show | 2 x thickness +40= kVp when thickness is less than 10cm. higher cm means the grid factor must be in place and the formula is now 2 x thickness + 40(SID) + X( grid factor) =kVp
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| show | is a formula used to estimate kV in relation to area of thickness. this can be used in combination with the measurements of the patients thickness of the area to be imaged and the FFD. measured with calipers in centimeters.
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| Effects of exposure | show 🗑
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| show | OFD-Low=cannot be too low, object can only be so close to film, high= magnification and blurring of edges and structures
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| show | lower kVp, higher mAs
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| show | femur
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| show | true or it increases the kVp by 20%, to halve radiographic density decrease kVp by 16%
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| show | xray beams penetrates a body system and reaches an xray film, a latent image is produced that will be revealed when the film is processed chemically. several factors involved.
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| Xray cassette | show 🗑
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| Nonscreen or Nonrigid cassette | show 🗑
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| show | sedation or anesthetic and longer exposure time, 26 x more than normal exposure time. no personnel are required for restraint in the room
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| show | these should be used only when the animals is under anesthetic or sedation motion. no personnel required to restrain or be in the room
🗑
|
||||
| show | more conventional image intensifying screen. placed in a rigid cassette with high quality hinges to ensure uniform contact between the xray film and the intensifying screen and to prevent light leakage that could fog or darken film.
🗑
|
||||
| show | they have solid fronts of plastic or light metal or carbon fiber. carbon fiber can reduce quantity of xrays needed by 20%. cassette back made of steel and hold moderate weight.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are smooth shiny white inner surface, made of layers of tiny crystals bonded together on a plastic support and covered with a protective coating. crystals are fluoresce, or emit light after exposure to xrays. screens are placed into the inner
🗑
|
||||
| show | surfaces of the cassette and the film is sandwiched between. fluorescence decreases the amount of radiation needed to produce a film of diagnostic density.
🗑
|
||||
| intensifying screens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Backing of cardboard or plastic ( Mylar ) 2. reflection layers like titanium dioxide that reflect light from active layer back toward film. 3. active layer of light emitting phosphor, like calcium tungstate or rare earth material produces
🗑
|
||||
| show | florescence, exposing the film after absorption of rays. 4.a plastic coating that reduces static electricity and provides protective covering that can be cleaned
🗑
|
||||
| show | must be cleaned on a regular basis-monthly or when artifacts are noted. use product recommended by manufacturer. if product is not available use 70% alcohol solution. screen must be completely dry before inserting film
🗑
|
||||
| show | From the cassette front padding, support layer, intensifying screen, phosphor layer, double coated film( inside is emulsion, support and another emulsion layer), phosphor layer, support layer , back padding, lead foil and cassette back
🗑
|
||||
| show | refers to the amount of radiation required by that screen to produce a film. a fast screen requires less radiation than regular, medium or par screen to produce same degree of blackness on radiograph.
🗑
|
||||
| fast film screen- the faster the poorer detail or resolution. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | have smaller crystals and are less efficient at light conversion but produce greater detail and resolution than fast screen, requires greater exposure by xray. is less grainy and greater definition, greater latitude
🗑
|
||||
| Fine screen or detail screen | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are intermediate in speed between par or medium and fast screens
🗑
|
||||
| Rare earth screens | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | reduce exposure time/ reduced motion artifacts / decreased tube voltage, resulting in improved contrasts / decreased tube current, which prolongs the love of the tube / reduced production of heat in the xray tube/ reduced patient/technician radiation dose
🗑
|
||||
| show | fine detail Calcium ASA film speed 30. par calcium 100, fine detail rare earth 150, regular calcium 200, fast calcium 250, medium rare earth 300, regular rare earth 400, fast rare earth 600
🗑
|
||||
| Advantages of Rare Earth screens- good for large animals due to speed | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is cost, much greater than calcium tungsten screens. screens last 10-12 years.
🗑
|
||||
| show | is the white speckled pattern most notably in the black areas on the film
🗑
|
||||
| Xray films are prepared | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | take images of great detail but longer exposure time than large crystals
🗑
|
||||
| Large crystal containing film, faster film | show 🗑
|
||||
| Xray films 2 categories | show 🗑
|
||||
| screen film- has silver halides | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | film should match in sensitivity to the light of the spectrum of the screen usually blue sensitive, highly responsive to ultraviolet violet and blue spectrum
🗑
|
||||
| show | are designed for direct exposer to xrays and are relatively insensitive to visible light from screens. provides superb detail and are good for intraoral nasal cavity, dental studies. and bony extremities. disadvantage-needing longer
🗑
|
||||
| nonscreen film- this type is exposed by xrays only | show 🗑
|
||||
| Afterglow | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a transparent flexible polyester support layer of radiographic film, tinted blue each side has a adhesive layer
🗑
|
||||
| show | a lightproof encasement designed to hold xray film and intensifying screens in close contact
🗑
|
||||
| Emulsion | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the exposure range of a film that will produce acceptable densities. Wide latitude considered the forgiving film. Narrow latitude or high contrast requires less change in exposure factors or processing to alter density
🗑
|
||||
| Fluoroscopy | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | sheets of luminescent phosphor crystals bound together and mounted on a clapboard or plastic base
🗑
|
||||
| Latent Image | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | film that is more sensitive to ionizing radiation than to fluorescent light
🗑
|
||||
| show | an artifact of faster screens that results in density variation due to random spatial distribution of the phosphor crystals within the screen
🗑
|
||||
| Reflective layer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Screen film | show 🗑
|
||||
| Silver Halide | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a clear protective layer on radiographic film. decreases the possibility of damaged to the fragile emulsion
🗑
|
||||
| show | it is process to convert the latent image into a visable image. more than 95% of the exposure recorded on the film is due to the light emitted from the intensifying screens. Only 5% of the exposure of the film results from the ionization of xrays
🗑
|
||||
| show | number of layers. the transparent polyester base provides flexible support with a thin adhesive subcoating on each side. adhesive serves to bind the next layer, the emulsion to the base.
🗑
|
||||
| Film speed | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | has larger silver halide crystals, requires less exposure by xray or fluorescent light from intense screens. produces a grainer image /lacks definition has less latitude in exposure factors and processing
🗑
|
||||
| Medium film speed ( standard or par speed ) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | cassettes stored so the film is vertical. if horizontal the emulsion may blend causing block xray from pressure then is useless. temps should be cool 10-15 C (50-60F )low relative humidity( 40-60%) not stored near any source of ionizing radiation or
🗑
|
||||
| Film Care | show 🗑
|
||||
| Key Points | show 🗑
|
||||
| Key Points | show 🗑
|
||||
| Key Points | show 🗑
|
||||
| Key Points | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. keep it clean 2. organized dry and wet side 3. must be light proof-can contribute to film fogging, celling tiles might be source of light leak 4. safelight ( light will not expose or damage film) indirect light is pointed to ceiling
🗑
|
||||
| Film process- 5 basic steps | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | chemicals that convert latent image( silver halide) to visible image. use correct time and temperature. developing agents- turns silver to black halides. accelerators-increases activity of the developer. emulsion swells and softens to absorb
🗑
|
||||
| Developing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | stop the developing process, rinse any remaining developer from film. or else is will continue developing and have dark film. prevents contamination of the fixer. stop bath-
🗑
|
||||
| show | chemical solution like acidic acid. in automatic process a rinse bath may not be needed
🗑
|
||||
| Fixer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | to clear film also contains preservatives to prevent decomposition of the fixing agent while being used. also hardeners part of solution that hardens the film and prevents
🗑
|
||||
| show | emulsion from swelling also speeds up drying time. Acidifiers neutralize developer that might be carried over to the fixer. Buffers keep the pH balance acidic. solvent-water
🗑
|
||||
| Fixer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | removes processing chemicals from the film, washes film in circulating fresh water, rinse time for 20-30 minutes with periodic agitation. or circulation water
🗑
|
||||
| Maintaining processing fluids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Levels may decrease in volume and strength, adding replenishes. Watch for biologic growth( fungi) tanks should be cleaned with 1% bleach solution, if not clean it could cause artifacts on the film
🗑
|
||||
| manual hand processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | development. put film on hanger and put in developer, agitate a little to remove air bubbles. set timer, reload empty cassette, 5 minutes in developer, place in rinse bath for 30 sec, submerge in fixer, agitate to remove air bubbles. take
🗑
|
||||
| manual hand processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| Automatic processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| Automatic processing | show 🗑
|
||||
| Labeling radiograph | show 🗑
|
||||
| Labeling radiograph | show 🗑
|
||||
| radiograph filing system | show 🗑
|
||||
| 15% rule for kVp | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | once you are close to a properly exposed radiograph, use the 15% rule to keep increasing and decreasing the kVp in 5% increments until exposure is right. once the best film is selected, you can begin to formulate your technique charts
🗑
|
||||
| Formulating a technique chart | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Add 3 kVp for each centimeter increase when the kVp is above 80 until you get to 100 kVp. Add 4 kVp for each centimeter increase when the kVp is above 100 kVp until you reach your maximum of 125 kVp
🗑
|
||||
| Using a grid in technique charting | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are developed for a specific focal film distance, film, cassette screen and development process. if you change any one of these factors within your practice, the technique chart will need to be updated
🗑
|
||||
| Santes rule | show 🗑
|
||||
| Santes rule | show 🗑
|
||||
| Modifying factors | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | halve mAs
🗑
|
||||
| factor- juveniles | show 🗑
|
||||
| Facto-r grid not used | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factor- barium study | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factor- pleural effusion | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factor- ascites | show 🗑
|
||||
| Factor- Obesity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | double mAs
🗑
|
||||
| Factors affecting technique charts | show 🗑
|
||||
| Chats may include | show 🗑
|
||||
| Exposure too dark | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | increase mAs by 30-50 % or kVp 10-15%
🗑
|
||||
| show | cooperative adult dog, moderate size and muscling, average weight ( 50lbs) clean hair coat that is medium to short length
🗑
|
||||
| Reasons for chart failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | aged chemicals, incorrect processing temperature, changed processing time
🗑
|
||||
| Chart failure- chart failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| Equipment failure- chart failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | inconsistent measuring method, sight developing instead of time and temp method
🗑
|
||||
| Other reason for chart failure | show 🗑
|
||||
| unexposed film will be | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is essential if diagnostic radiographs are to be obtained.. 2 views at right angles are necessary to obtain a proper study. exceptions include, thoracic and spinal examinations in
🗑
|
||||
| Proper positioning of a patient | show 🗑
|
||||
| Proper positioning of a patient | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Use an xray film large enough to cover whole system being examined. May be necessary to use 2 films for abdomen. 1 cranial and 1caudal, also taken at lower kVp setting.
🗑
|
||||
| Restraints | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | in many forms. like a muzzle,( has a calming effect) sand bags, sponges, foam or wood blocks and wedges rope, tape, gauze, compression bands. must take picture rapidly because the patient will not hold still for long
🗑
|
||||
| Chemical restraints | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Tranquilizers are good for frightened or aggressive dogs and cats or large animals. it takes time and practice to produce a diagnostic radiograph, most organs can be xrayed with proper techniques, equipment and accessory devices.
🗑
|
||||
| show | is an essential diagnostic tool in vet practice. its portable, does not require use of ionizing radiation and is noninvasive, well tolerated by patients and accepted by clients. has a long learning curve, image quality and
🗑
|
||||
| show | interpretation are only as good as the skills of the person doing the exam
🗑
|
||||
| Ultrasonography basics | show 🗑
|
||||
| Ultrasonography basics | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | as the frequency of sound increases, the wavelength decreases, shorter sound waves produce increased image resolution but decreases patient penetration. frequencies used in vet practice generally range from 2.5 to 12 megahertz( MHz)
🗑
|
||||
| Hertz ( Hz) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | is based on the pulse echo principle. a short pulse of sound, usually 2 or 3 cycles long, is produced from the transducer and transmitted into the patient , the sound wave strikes an echogenic surface in the patient and returns some of the
🗑
|
||||
| show | sound to the transducer. the strength of the returning sound wave determines the brightness of the image and the time it takes for the sound to travel into the patient and back to the transducer determines where the echo will be seen on the screen.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a piezoelectric crystal will change shape or thickness when subjected to a voltage pulse. Rapid pulses of electrical energy are converted into mechanical energy or sound waves by the vibrating crystal. returning sound waves cause
🗑
|
||||
| Piezoelectric Effect | show 🗑
|
||||
| Transducer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the transducer transmits sound 0.01 % of the time. it receives returning sound waves 99.9% of the time
🗑
|
||||
| Positioning terminology | show 🗑
|
||||
| Caudal- Cd-towards the tail or Posterior | show 🗑
|
||||
| Cranial-Cr- towards the head | show 🗑
|
||||
| Distal- D- part of the body or bone furthest from the main part of the body legs and feet | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | upper aspect of head neck and trunk and tail. also means toward the upper aspect of the animal, also describes the legs from carpus and tarsus joints distally that face toward the head. DV view is a dorsal ventral, meaning the patient is on its abdomen
🗑
|
||||
| Lateral- L-outside of the leg away from midline | show 🗑
|
||||
| Mediolateral, Medial - M - inside of the leg Middle of patient | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | used instead of caudal when describing the fore limb from the carpal joint distally, underside of the front foot from toes to ankle joint( carpus )
🗑
|
||||
| Plantar- Pl - underside of back paw ( sole) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Proximal- higher end of the extremity or bone towards the spine or top of the animal if standing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | the animal is lying down when the radiograph is made. Most radiographs of the dog and cat are make this way and this position should be assumed unless otherwise stated on the radiograph
🗑
|
||||
| show | parts of the head positioned toward the nares(nostrils) from any given point on the head
🗑
|
||||
| show | used to describe the upper and lower dental arcades respectively
🗑
|
||||
| show | lower aspect of the head neck trunk and tail, the term also means toward the lower aspect of the animal. ad VD is a ventral dorsal view, meaning the animals is on its back, the beam comes thru the ventral part of the patient and exits the dorsal side
🗑
|
||||
| Abbreviations of animal positioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Oblique | show 🗑
|
||||
| positioning basic criteria | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Caliper is used to measure the anatomic area. it measures part thickness in centimeter increment, when in doubt measure the thickest part. make 2 separate xrays with different exposures to make sure you have a good xray.
🗑
|
||||
| Anatomical directional terms for oblique views | show 🗑
|
||||
| Anatomical directional terms for oblique views | show 🗑
|
||||
| Required view | show 🗑
|
||||
| Required view | show 🗑
|
||||
| Collimation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | exposing a large area surrounding the carpus is not necessary. in fact such an exposure increase the amount of scatter radiation which decrease the contrast
🗑
|
||||
| show | the central xray beam should be centered directly over the area of interest. EX if the beam is centered over the caudal border of the 13th rib for a study of the abdomen, the entire abdomen is included ( assuming the proper size cassette is used)
🗑
|
||||
| show | the measurement for an anatomic region should be taken over the thickest area, this ensures that all regions of the part of interest will be penetrated with sufficient exposure factors. specific anatomy must be included for each area.
🗑
|
||||
| Positioning guidelines | show 🗑
|
||||
| Positioning guidelines | show 🗑
|
||||
| Patient preparation | show 🗑
|
||||
| Patient preparation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tract must be free of ingesta and fecal material. a cathartic like an enema or laxative may be indicated to remove obstructions
🗑
|
||||
| Positioning aids | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a marker must be used for R or L side of patient. anatomic areas that are symmetric ( dorsoventral view of dog skull) or anatomically identical to another areas( equine limb distal to the carpus and tarsus) are difficult to distinguish without labels.
🗑
|
||||
| show | EX later view of the front fetlock joint of a horse must be labeled " Left (L) Front" R & L should be placed on the appropriate side of the animal. when a lateral projection of an abdomen or thorax is taken, the marker should indicate
🗑
|
||||
| show | the side that is down on the table. for an extremity the marker should be placed cranial to ( in from of) the leg. taking sequential xrays with appropriate numbers that identify time elapsed or order taken is also important. EX like GI contrast study
🗑
|
||||
| Film identification placement | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | tend to resist too much restraint and canines respond to a calm, authoritative approach to restraints
🗑
|
||||
| show | is the middle of the body
🗑
|
||||
| show | less than center
🗑
|
||||
| Transverse plan | show 🗑
|
||||
| Quality assurance | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | initiates corrective measures where necessary
🗑
|
||||
| show | (1) preventive maintenance, (2) quality control, (3) equipment calibration, (4) in-service education of the personnel responsible for radiography, and (5) other items such as the evaluation of new products.
🗑
|
||||
| Quality control | show 🗑
|
||||
| Quality control | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1st-it provides a way to minimize the dose of radiation to the patient and staff who are assisting. 2nd-allows image of quality radiographs that provide information for an accurate diagnosis.
🗑
|
||||
| quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) 3 purposes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The actual equipment used to perform quality control testing depends on the size of the facility or practice. For a small facility, the equipment listed following is sufficient for an informative quality control testing protocol.
🗑
|
||||
| show | These items should be stored within easy access—and together—to eliminate confusion and delay when it is time to conduct the tests. Most of these tests are done only annually; if this is not the case, it is noted in the test procedure.
🗑
|
||||
| show | to provide a means to record the data for ease in interpretation and tracking results. no right or wrong except for sensitometry/densitometry tests. The charts that the technician makes and relies on for tracking the equipment
🗑
|
||||
| imaging equipment for QA/QC-Tracking Charts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | The procedures for using the test equipment are described in detail with each test. The following tests can be conducted frequently, as they are easy to do and provide the practice with a quick look at the physical nature of the radiographic
🗑
|
||||
| imaging equipment for QA/QC- Procedures | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Graph paper or commercially prepared tracking charts -Pencil and ruler -Notebook or folder for retention of tracking charts -Sensitometer -Densitometer -Thermometer -Nine pennies -
🗑
|
||||
| show | Tape measure --Carpenter's level -Screen-film contact mesh -
Simple instructions for use and interpretation
🗑
|
||||
| show | needs a tape measure and carpenters level. Objective : to ensure accuracy of the SID.
🗑
|
||||
| SOURCE-IMAGE DISTANCE (SID- source image distance) MARKS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| SOURCE-IMAGE DISTANCE (SID- source image distance) MARKS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| SOURCE-IMAGE DISTANCE (SID- source image distance) MARKS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| SOURCE-IMAGE DISTANCE (SID- source image distance) MARKS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | This information should be recorded for comparison and included in the quality control tests notebook or file.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Carpenters level. Objective - To ensure that the x-ray beam is properly centered, we must be sure that the tube stand, collimator, and x-ray tube are perpendicular and properly aligned.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1.When the x-ray tube is positioned in the normal position, use the level to confirm that the tube is level and parallel with the table. Stand at the end of the table and look at the tube, collimator, and tube stand.
🗑
|
||||
| PERPENDICULARITY- porcedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 3. If the tube, the collimator, or the tube stand looks crooked or canted, adjust it or have it repaired before attempting any alignment tests or taking any radiographs. record info along with whether the test was negative, what was canted, and how
🗑
|
||||
| PERPENDICULARITY- porcedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| TUBE/TABLE/CRANE LOCKS -equipment and objective | show 🗑
|
||||
| TUBE/TABLE/CRANE LOCKS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Equipment needed - water and cloth. Objective- To ensure that the field light can be seen properly with the normal lights on in the radiographic room.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1.Turn off the power to the machine. Wash the plastic covering of the collimator with warm water and mild soap. The plastic covering over the tube output area should be clean and free of debris and dirt. If not, artifacts can show up on the radiograph.
🗑
|
||||
| show | (Note: On some older equipment, the plastic covering may be part of the filtering of the x-ray beam. If this is the case, do not damage or remove it without having a service person correct the filtration on the equipment.)
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS X-RAY FIELD LIGHT- procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS X-RAY FIELD LIGHT- procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | • Steel tape measure - Objective To ensure that the light field determined by the collimator dials is accurate.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Using the tape measure, verify the SID to the tabletop. 2. Set the collimator size indications at some field size. Remember to use the score for the SID you use routinely. An example of a field size to use is 8 × 10 inches collimator light.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 3. Turn on the 4. Using the tape measure, measure the light field on the tabletop. This measurement of the SID for light field accuracy.
🗑
|
||||
| LIGHT FIELD SIZE- procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | If the x-ray equipment does not have a lighted collimator but uses slide-in diaphragms to collimate to the cassette sizes this test should be conducted. Equipment Needed-
• One cassette to match each of the cone/diaphragm sizes or diameters
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS COLLIMATOR/CONES/DIAPHRAGMS- objective | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS COLLIMATOR/CONES/DIAPHRAGMS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS COLLIMATOR/CONES/DIAPHRAGMS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS COLLIMATOR/CONES/DIAPHRAGMS - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Bucky tray and all the radiographs are done tabletop, then do this test tabletop, making sure that the SID is accurate. Record this information in the QA/QC file for future reference.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Equipment Needed - None, except the x-ray equipment. Objective -To ensure adequate locking and movement so that the x-ray tube does not drift during the exposure.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Lock and unlock the locks. When each lock is in the locked position, the item that you are testing should not be able to move. For example, if you are testing the Bucky tray lock, then in the locked position, you should not be able to move it. If you
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LOCKS/CABLES/OVERHEAD CRANE MOVEMENT - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LOCKS/CABLES/OVERHEAD CRANE MOVEMENT - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Equipment Needed -Carpenter's level , protractor. Objective -
To ensure that the angle indicator is correct when using any angulation on the x-ray tube for a radiographic exposure.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS ANGULATION INDICATOR-procudure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS ANGULATION INDICATOR-procudure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | and to 45 degrees, reading the angle indicator and measuring each degree change with the protractor . Record this information for future reference
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS VIEW-BOX UNIFORMITY - equipment | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | To ensure uniform bulb intensity and color for even-light transmittance in radiographic evaluation.
🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Unplug the view box from the electrical outlet. Clean the view box inside and out. Use a soft cloth and warm water with mild soap. Do not use nail polish remover or other harsh abrasives
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS VIEW-BOX UNIFORMITY - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS VIEW-BOX UNIFORMITY - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS VIEW-BOX UNIFORMITY - procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LIGHT FIELD/X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT - equipment and objective | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. Center the x-ray tube over the table. 2. Set the SID to 40 inches or your normal SID, and verify that the collimator is level. 3. Put a cassette in the Bucky tray. 4. Center to the tray under the table.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LIGHT FIELD/X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LIGHT FIELD/X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LIGHT FIELD/X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS LIGHT FIELD/X-RAY FIELD ALIGNMENT-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | (all four corners). Make the same drawing from corner to corner on the exposed part. These two pairs of “Xs” also should not be apart by more than 2% of the SID. If they are, realignment by service personnel is necessary.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Record this information in the QA/QC file for future reference.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Equipment Needed -Copper wire mesh contact tool with ⅛-inch spacing of the wires, Densitometer. Objective
To ensure that the adhesive on the back of the screens within the cassettes is still holding the screen tightly.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SCREEN-FILM CONTACT = procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | that the long axis is perpendicular to the anode-cathode axis of the x-ray tube. This is to minimize the anode heel effect. 4. Place the wire mesh over the cassette. 5. Use an SID of at least 40 inches. 6 Cone down to the size of the cassette.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SCREEN-FILM CONTACT = procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 10. Stand 6-8 ft back from viewer, look for areas of darkness, unsharpness, areas of poor contact appear as dark areas on the film. If the area of darkness is in the middle of the cassette or where you would likely put the area of interest the screen
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SCREEN-FILM CONTACT = procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SCREEN-FILM CONTACT = procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | equipment- Control cassette for each speed within the practice (usually one that is the newest or most consistent for exposure) -Densitometer , One box of film, to be used with each screen size within the practice.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEE-D Objective | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1.Sort all the cassettes by screen type or speed group (high-speed, par, detail, rare-earth). Test each speed group separately. 2. Select one cassette from a sorted speed group as the control cassette.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Record the number of this cassette so that you can repeat this test when needed. 4. Load the cassettes from the film box designated for this procedure. Cutting a 14×17-in film into fourths and placing one fourth into one corner of each
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | speed system is 10 mAs at 50 to 60 kVp. For a faster speed system, 5 mAs at the same range of kVp would be acceptable.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 15. Determine the average density of the films for each speed group. Divide the measured density of each film by the density of the control to determine each screen's ratio.
16. If there is more than one speed in the practice, this
🗑
|
||||
| show | procedure must be repeated for the other speed groups, starting from the choice of a control cassette to the recording of the densities. The range of acceptable ratios between screens is between 0.85 and 1.15. Any screen that falls
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS UNIFORMITY OF SCREEN SPEED -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Calibration should be conducted at least annually. The rationale for calibrating the x-ray equipment is to ensure that when 80 kVp is chosen, 80 kVp is delivered. Likewise, it is done to ensure that the mA stations and the timer are correct.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS PARAMETERS FOR CALIBRATION (kVp, mA, TIMER, AND FILTRATION) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Many veterinary clinics do not have a dedicated line for the radiographic equipment, and the voltage can change dramatically with an increase or a decrease in the incoming line voltage. This, of course, affects the penetration on the radiographs.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Another possible source of kilovoltage fluctuation is bad internal workings—a computer chip, board, or drive that is not functioning correctly. These problems will be apparent in radiographs that are incorrectly penetrated and need to be repeated.
🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom Quality Control | show 🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom Quality Control | show 🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom Quality Control | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | safelight too close to the counter with a too-high wattage bulb, improper chemical temperature, or improper chemical balance.
🗑
|
||||
| show | equipment: Lightly exposed radiograph ,Watch or timer , Densitometer. Objective: To assess any fog in the darkroom that may be adding unwanted density to the radiograph during processing.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS FOG TEST -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS FOG TEST -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 7. When the film has been processed, notice the difference. 8. Measure each side of the radiograph with the densitometer. The difference should be no greater than 0.08 optical density
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS FOG TEST -procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | on fog. Record this information for future reference.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Film, one box designated for sensitometry (this should be the same type/speed used every day but of the smallest size [i.e., 8 × 10 inches]) , Sensitometer , Densitometer , Sensitometry graph paper,Thermometer.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-objective | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. in the dark room take the temperature of the developer. 2. Using the sensitometer, expose one edge of a piece of radiographic film from the box of film dedicated for sensitometry. 3. Process the film normally.
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 6. Plot this densitometer reading (number) in the base + fog area on the graph. 7. The base + fog should not increase more than + 0.05 from the original or normal reading. 8. Next, read the steps of the sensitometry exposure and record the
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | which step is within a density range of 1 to 1.3. This is known as the speed step. 10. Plot the density reading for the speed step in the area on the graph. This step is used for the speed
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 11. Using the numbers for the steps off the scratch paper, determine the density of the steps above and below the speed step. 12. Subtract these two densities for the reading for the contrast strip. These two steps will be used for the contrast
🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA/QC TESTS FOR THE X-RAY APPARATUS SENSITOMETRY AND DENSITOMETRY-procedure | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 1. The purpose of a QA/QC program is to provide a way to minimize the dose of radiation to the patient and personnel, to allow production of quality radiographs to help with an accurate diagnosis, and to decrease the number of repeated films.
🗑
|
||||
| QA QC KEY POINTS | show 🗑
|
||||
| QA QC KEY POINTS | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Overexposure due to too much kVp or mAs
Over development due to extended time in developer or
increased developer temperature
Over measurement of part under examination
🗑
|
||||
| show | Underexposure due to insufficient kVp or mAs Underdevelopment due to decreased temperature or time
of development, developer exhausted or diluted
X-ray tube failure,Incorrect film-screen combination,
🗑
|
||||
| show | Machine timer out of calibration ,Drop in incoming line voltage
🗑
|
||||
| Common artifacts and causes-Film gray/lack of contrast | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | temperature, or increased time of development, Film out of date, Lack of a grid with use of high kVp, Double exposure, Incorrect bulb wattage or filter for safelight in darkroom
🗑
|
||||
| show | Increased object—film distance
Blurring due to patient motion
Blurring due to poor screen-film contact
Blurring due to x-ray tube motion
Distorted image due to central x-ray not directed at center
of film Double exposure
🗑
|
||||
| show | Grid lines due to: Grid out of focal range
Grid out of alignment to x-ray central beam
Grid upside down
Damaged grid
Roller marks as result of film jammed in automatic
processor
🗑
|
||||
| show | Collimation of primary beam
Bucky tray not positioned directly under primary x-ray
beam
Cassette not locked into Bucky tray correctly
Light leak into cassette
Quantum mottle
Target damage (pitted anode)
Variable screen-film contact
🗑
|
||||
| Common artifacts and causes-Black marks (not generalized) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Common artifacts and causes-Clear areas on film (white marks not generalized) | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Film touching side of tank during manual processing, Fingerprints due to film handling with contaminated hands
🗑
|
||||
| show | Fixer splashes on film before developing
Premature age due to improper fixation
Film sticking together during fixing process
Incomplete washing so that residual fixer oxidizes to yellow
powder while destroying the image
🗑
|
||||
| show | a classic example of motion. The most common cause is patient movement during exposure. Patient motion is the most common artifact in xraying animals.use sedation/restraint.for panting, hold muzzle closed or giving a short, quick blow on the nose while
🗑
|
||||
| show | making the exposure can effectively stop rapid respiration temporarily. or use is a short exposure time using highest mA .Another cause of a blurred radiographic image is x-ray tube or cassette motion. sturdy tube stand and
cassette holder can minimize
🗑
|
||||
| radiograph exhibits a general lack of density. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | This type of insufficient film density can be the result of faulty film processing,incorrect film-screen matching, or an x-ray machine out of calibration. process solution expired or too cold,
🗑
|
||||
| radiograph exhibits a general lack of density. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A black “tree” pattern or a linear dot patterncaused by a static electrical charge released on the film. Static electricity is most common in dry winter months, when the darkroom has relatively low humidity. To avoid static, eliminate friction by
🗑
|
||||
| show | removing the x-ray film from the storage box slowly and placing it in the cassette without dragging across any surface
🗑
|
||||
| two identical images are actually superimposed. | show 🗑
|
||||
| Finger pressure mark artifact | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | to remove the film from the cassette, a black crease mark can result from the pressure placed on the film by the fingertips. To avoid this and similar artifacts, x-ray film should be handled by the edges only
🗑
|
||||
| show | The gray streaks are the result of a wet haircoat. inhibit a proper diagnosis or even mimic a pathologic lesion. Radiopaque contrast media, urine, blood, or water can create this artifact.
🗑
|
||||
| poor animal preparation artifacts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | when a tech is in a hurry and corners are not in place, creates
a dark line across the radiograph and a mirror image on either side of the crease.
🗑
|
||||
| show | a piece of paper that was inadvertently placed in the cassette during the film loading process.manufacturers supply x-ray film with a sheet of thin paper between each piece. easy to not see and remove
🗑
|
||||
| show | the emulsion can become marred through contact with adjacent hangers or other projections. Scratched emulsion is a common occurrence when a number of films are developed at one time. true with the use of tension clips instead of channel clips
🗑
|
||||
| show | Definition: any unwanted film exposure /development Decreased image contrast and detail Unwanted light (1) the film bin door is ajar, (2) a film box lid is loose or damaged, or (3) the cassette is not closed properly or is damaged.
🗑
|
||||
| show | Contrast media are used for special radiographic procedures such as an upper gastrointestinal study or cystogram . Whenever radiopaque contrast media are used the possibility of spillage exists. If a contrast medium is present on the
🗑
|
||||
| show | cassette or on the xray table, it will prevent the x-rays from reaching the film, To minimize the occurrence of this artifact, the tabletop and cassettes should be monitored and cleaned frequently
🗑
|
||||
| show | Two primary causes for the type of artifact shown here are (1)
the central x-ray is not perpendicular to the cassette and (2) the cassette is not directly under the entire primary xray beam. Aiming the central ray at any angle other than 90
🗑
|
||||
| show | degrees not only prevents the entire film from being exposed
but causes geometric distortion. The cause of the artifact in this case study was not the tube angle but the cassette was not under the primary xray beam
🗑
|
||||
| show | the cassette must be locked into the tray with the cassette locks, the tray must be pushed completely under the tabletop, and the center of the cassette tray must be in line with the central x-ray.
🗑
|
||||
| show | white blotches are actually fingerprints. This is most likely the result of fix solution on the hands while handling the film before processing. It is imperative that the hands be clean and dry before handling any film.
🗑
|
||||
| show | may be buckshot, and can remain, it wont hurt the animal and may work themselves out
🗑
|
||||
| mottled density -artifact | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | paper inside. As it turns out, the practice just received new
cassettes and neglected to remove the tissue
🗑
|
||||
| show | There is also a noticeable wavelike appearance over the entirebottom half of the film. Clearly, this is not an artifact
that is on the animal patient because it is dispersed
over the entire film. The problem here involves the
🗑
|
||||
| show | chemical processing. This film was manually
processed using hand tanks. The radiographer failed to stir the chemicals before processing, which resulted
in an uneven concentration of developer in the tank.
🗑
|
||||
| KEY POINTS artifacts | show 🗑
|
||||
| KEY POINTS artifacts | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | always use a grid between the patient and the film cassette when the body part being xrayed is greater than 10cm thick
🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom mistakes | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | a light bulb shielded by a plastic filter that stops any light to which the film is sensitive from penetrating the filter and entering the room. , bulb not exceed 15 w or less,wattage recommended. or film will be fogged or partially exposed.
🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom safelight | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | should be placed in darkroom for loading and unloading cassettes, located far away from processor, so liquid or dry chem will not be spilled on it. shelves above or below to store unexposed films and cassettes. Xray film must be kept in a cool dry place
🗑
|
||||
| show | small capacity 90 second processor installed without construction. larger needs construction because input tray must be outside dark room. it is necessary to maintain fresh solution and that solutions are flowing properly within processor.
🗑
|
||||
| show | though these speed up the standardized film processing but require more maintenance than hand processing tanks.
🗑
|
||||
| show | it must be protected from light, exrays, gamma radiation, heat, moisture and pressure. all these my result in fogging and decreased quality. keep films in original boxes and placed in a cabinet.
🗑
|
||||
| show | prevent static electricity, bending, creasing scratching when film is transferred from box to cassette. hold only at corners and pull slowly and continuous from box. place carefully in cassette no edges over cassette. c
🗑
|
||||
| Darkroom cassette loading and unloading | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | film is more sensitive after exposure than before. handle only at corners. have dry clean hands when handeling. any developer or fixer solution that touches the film before processing will create an artifact on processed film,
🗑
|
||||
| show | usually not an issue with an automated processor
🗑
|
||||
| show | the silver contained within xray film emulsion, may be removed and recovered. most silver not exposed to xray is not converted to metallic silver and accumulates within the fixer solution. silver recovery units may be attached to the fixer to
🗑
|
||||
| darkroom silver recovery | show 🗑
|
||||
| darkroom radiographic film quality | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | refers to the degree of sharpness that defines the edge of an anatomic structure. represents the best reproduction or an organ.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The walls of the darkroom should be painted white or cream with a good-quality, washable paint. By painting the walls a light color, more reflection of the safelight is produced, providing a more visible work environment. If the quality and
🗑
|
||||
| darkroom wall color | show 🗑
|
||||
| safelight color and wattage | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | Wratten 6B, Kodak) for blue-light-sensitive film and a dark-red filter (Wratten 6BR or GS-1) for green-light-sensitive film. special red for rare earth. The dark-red filter is recommended because of its versatility: both
🗑
|
||||
| safelight color and wattage | show 🗑
|
||||
| safelight positioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| safelight positioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| safelight positioning | show 🗑
|
||||
| Film Reticulation | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | are composed of chemical compounds such as hydroquinone or phenidone that can convert exposed grains of silver halide to black metallic silver. The developing agent has little or no effect on the unexposed silver halide crystals.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are chemicals that increase the activity of the developer. Substances such as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate are used to increase the pH to an alkaline range of
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Accelerators | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | prevent the rapid oxidation that can occur with alkaline developing agents. They also help maintain a stable development rate and prevent staining of the emulsion layer.
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Restrainers | show 🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Hardeners | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | consists of water to dissolve the chemicals.
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents The Rinse Bath | show 🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents The Rinse Bath | show 🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents The Rinse Bath | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | called a stop bath. In automatic processing, a rinse or stop bath is not necessary because the rollers tend to remove excess developer from the film before it reaches the fix tank.
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Fixer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Fixer | show 🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Fixer | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | surface. This process is known as fixation. The general guideline is that the film should be fixed for twice the development time to ensure maximum hardening of the
🗑
|
||||
| show | emulsion. (Note: A radiograph can be viewed briefly after it has been in the fix for 1 minute and then returned after evaluation.)
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Fixer Clearing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 8
the film from a milky white to a clear or transparent image. The black metallic silver portion of the film remains the same.
🗑
|
||||
| show | such as sodium sulfite prevent decomposition of the fixing agent.
🗑
|
||||
| show | such as aluminum salt prevent excessive swelling of the gelatinous emulsion during the fixation procedure and softening during the wash procedure. Hardeners shorten the drying time by essentially preventing the film from becoming waterlogged.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are compounds that accelerate the action of the other chemicals and neutralize any alkaline developer possibly carried over into the acidic fix solution.
🗑
|
||||
| show | are chemical compounds added to the solution to maintain the desired pH. Buffers stabilize the acidity against the addition of alkaline developer by carryover. Without the addition of a buffer, the alkaline developer would neutralize the acid of the
🗑
|
||||
| show | fix solution, thus shortening the effective life of the fix. Some buffers also prevent sludge formation in the fix bath.
🗑
|
||||
| show | consists of water. Its purpose is to dissolve the other ingredients and assist the fixing agent to diffuse into the emulsion layer of the film. Once the fixing agent is in the
🗑
|
||||
| show | emulsion layer, it can dissolve the unexposed silver halide crystals. The solvent then helps by carrying the silver halide away from the film.
🗑
|
||||
| show | The purpose of the wash is to remove the processing chemicals from the film surface. If a film is not washed properly for a long enough period, the image will eventually
🗑
|
||||
| Developing agents Wash Bath | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | wash time is 20 to 30 minutes with periodic agitation or water circulation. In automatic processing, the water system of the processor keeps a constant flow of temperate water through and around the wash rack and film.
🗑
|
||||
| show | A common problem of drip-drying films is the possibility of water spots or other drying streaks. The drying process can be hastened and some artifacts avoided by using a wetting agent bath known as a surface-tension reducing agent (a detergent).
🗑
|
||||
| PROCESSOR MAINTENANCE | show 🗑
|
||||
| Key Points Dark room xray developing | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | algal growth are a common problem in hand-processing tanks
and can be controlled by cleaning tanks with 1% chlorine bleach when they are drained. 4. Exposed x-ray film can be
🗑
|
||||
| show | processed manually in hand tanks or automatically in an automatic processor. 5. The legal requirement for keeping radiographs is 7 years; however, it is advisable to keep them until the patient dies.
🗑
|
||||
| show | true
🗑
|
||||
| Developer and fixer should be changed every ________ weeks regardless of use. | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | false
🗑
|
||||
| show | Kv
🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- 4 types of contrast medium | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents Radiolucent gases( air, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents Radiolucent gases( air, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide) | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents - Insoluble inert radiopaque medium: barium sulfate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents - Insoluble inert radiopaque medium: barium sulfate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- Soluble ionic radiopaque medium: iothalamte diatrizoate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- Soluble ionic radiopaque medium: iothalamte diatrizoate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- Soluble ionic radiopaque medium: iothalamte diatrizoate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- Soluble ionic radiopaque medium: iothalamte diatrizoate | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- Soluble nonionic radiopaque medium: iohexol, iopamidol- positive contrast -high specific gravity | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | for myelography and everywhere ionic iodides can be used. these agents are still hyperosmolar but much less so than the ionic organic iodides. they appear to have a lower incidence of adverse effects and contrast reactions but cost more.
🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- ionic and nonionic organic iodides | show 🗑
|
||||
| Radiographic contrast agents- ionic and nonionic organic iodides | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | use agent barium sulfate, 100% weight/volume suspension. alone or diluted to evaluate an enlarged esophagus or a thick paste if esophagus is not enlarged, mix barium with food, oral
🗑
|
||||
| esophagus contrast study | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | 3 types contrast used 1. barium sulfate 25%-30% wt/vol, 2 oral iodides and 3.negative contrast,including air, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide. Barium is most common used for upper GI when perforation is not suspected. Negative contrast used in
🗑
|
||||
| Upper gastrointestinal (GI) study- stomach and small bowel | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | administered 2-3 hours before. acepromazine can be used without adverse side effects on motility. Dosage: barium sulfate 10ml/kg and oral Hypaque or Gastrografin 3,;/lg
🗑
|
||||
| show | Film sequence: ventrodorsal and lateral views. immediately after given medication 2 films should be taken to completely evaluate the stomach, ventrodorsal view, a dorsoventral and both R and L later views. at 15,30 and 60 minutes,
🗑
|
||||
| show | film sequence consists of ventrordorsal and R lateral views. the same views are taken at various intervals until contrast reaches the large bowel. timing varies with patient and suspected disease
🗑
|
||||
| Lower gastrointestinal (GI) study- large bowel-barium enema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | A barium enema should not be preformed within 48 hours after a biopsy of the rectum or colon has been obtained. Preparation: fasting for 24-48 hours, may be given a GI cleansing agent like Golytely. warm water enemas must be
🗑
|
||||
| show | given before exam , it is essential that the entire bowel be cleansed before enema preformed. A Bardex catheter and a barium container are needed for the study.
🗑
|
||||
| Lower gastrointestinal (GI) study- large bowel-barium enema | show 🗑
|
||||
| Lower gastrointestinal (GI) study- large bowel-barium enema | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | evacuated air is injected to obtain a double contrast study of the large bowel
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| Urinary Track study-kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | meglumine diatrizoate and sodium diatrizoate prep is most common. Standard dose of contrast is 800mg of iodine per Kilogram, which may increase by 50% in patients with poor renal function.
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| Urinary Track study-kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | attended immediately. it is necessary to have epinephrine available for immediate admin , when hypotension occurs it can be life threatening and lead to renal failure. contraindication; is dehydration or iodine sensitivity
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| show | Procedure: fast for 24 hours, but given water to prevent dehydrations. emenas given when needed at least 2-3 hours before. Ventrodorsal and lateral films taken before exam. films hould be taken with patient in ventrodorsal and
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| Urinary Track study-kidneys | show 🗑
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| show | agents- ionic organic iodide are most desirable for retrograde cystography. Nonopaque like air, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide used in addition to organic iodides for double contrast cystography. Procedure: colon should be cleansed .a Foley
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| Urinary Bladder study | show 🗑
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| Urinary Bladder study | show 🗑
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| Urinary Bladder study | show 🗑
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| Urinary Bladder study | show 🗑
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| show | ionic organic iodide compounds at 20% concentration. Procedure: a balloon tipped Foley catheter placed in the distal urethra. cuff inflated to prevent leakage . and 10 - 20 ml of contrast hand injected rapidly into the catheter.
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| Urethrography - Urethra study | show 🗑
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| show | Myelography is the contrast examination most used to localize and characterize spinal cord lesions. animal must be anesthetized. Nonionic iodinated contrast medium is injected into the subarachnoid space ( cerebrospinal fluid space) i
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| Spinal cord study | show 🗑
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| show | the dose medium ranges from 0.25ml/kg for cervical with a cisternal injection to 0.45 ml/kg for cervical eval with a lumbar injection. the concentration with iodine s/b between 240 and 300 mg/ml and injection volume should not exceed 15ml
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| Spinal cord study | show 🗑
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| show | Procedure; survey films s/b taken first. site of injection s/b aseptically prepared. spinal needles of 20-22 gauge and 3.75-8.75 cm s/b available due to different sized animals. Carefully
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| show | collmated films are taken ventrodorsal and lateral positions immediately after injection
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| show | is essential to obtain diagnostic radiographs. To achieve proper positioning 2 views are right angles are necessary to obtain a diagnostic study. exceptions to this rule are thoracic and spinal exams in horses, or traumatized or debilitated
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| show | animals when only laterals view can be taken without causing undue stress .Also important is centering the primary beam on the lesion itself, when known. important in Orthopedic cases. ex: a fracture healing may look different when the xray beam
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| Positioning | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound- tissue interaction | show 🗑
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| show | by absorption , reflection, scattering, refraction and diffraction. Reflection is a redirection of the sound beam back to the transducer and is the basis for diagnostic image. Absorption is sound energy converted to heat within the tissues.
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| show | Scattering is the intertissue micoreflection of sound, which is responsible for much of the echo texture of various organs. Refraction and diffraction are the result of bending of the sound beam as it crosses areas of differing tissue densities.
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| show | Refraction attenuation is important in the generation of several ultrasound artifacts. sound reflection of echo production forms the basis of the ultrasound image. and echo is produced whenever the ultrasound beam crosses an acoustic interface.
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| Ultrasound- tissue interaction | show 🗑
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| show | speed of sound is in soft tissue is 1540m/sec, then the main factor that influences acoustic impedance is the density or composition of tissue. thus the more different 2 tissues are the greater will be the echo reflection between them.
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| Ultrasound- tissue interaction | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound- tissue interaction | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound- tissue interaction | show 🗑
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| show | bone and gas interface, because the large change in tissue density.
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| patient preparation for ultrasound | show 🗑
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| show | so a close shave and removal of dirt and scales will improve the image, also a generous volume of ultrasound gel is beneficial for displacing air and coupling the transducer to the skin
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| patient preparation for ultrasound | show 🗑
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| patient preparation for ultrasound | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound display modes A-mode | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound display modes B-mode | show 🗑
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| show | the time it took for the dot to return to the transducer. the cross sectional image is formed through data storage. sound beam is automatically swept across the patient while the transducer is held steady and is moved slowly over the area of interest.
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| show | Rapid collection of images is called real time, this permits direct observation of moving structures like a beating heart, movement of a puppy in pregnant mother. B mode with real time equipment , images are displayed in gray scale. Gray
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| show | scale is a technique in which various echo strengths are displayed in numerous shades of gray from black to white, similar to a black and white TV.
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| Ultrasound display modes M-mode time motion (TM) | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound display modes M-mode time motion (TM) | show 🗑
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| show | critical, the traducers vary in size, sype, style, shape and frequency. Linear array transducers are made with several piezoelectric crystals stacked side by side. crystals are fired in rapid sequence to produce a rectangular cross section image.
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| show | difficult to use these transducer for intercostal cardiac studies and for subcostal studies in cranioabdominal area in small animals. linear transducers are used primarily for transrectal reproductive exams in cattle and horses.
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| show | small foot print convex array transducers are used for small animal
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| Selection of transducers( wand) | show 🗑
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| Frequency of the transducer | show 🗑
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| Frequency of the transducer | show 🗑
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| Time gain compensation (TGC) contol | show 🗑
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| show | TGC is operator dependent, and is set for the best looking uniform image. the controls consists of a series of slide pods on the front of the machine. top pod is the near field of the image and the lowest pod is far field or bottom of the image
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| show | is a thin cross sectional slice through the body in a new or different orientation. use standard image orientation, which places the head or the front of the animal on the left in sagittal
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| The ultrasound image | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound terminology | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound terminology | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound terminology | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound terminology | show 🗑
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| show | isoechoic ( same as) structure has a level of echogenicity similar to that of adjacent structures.
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| Ultrasound terminology | show 🗑
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| Ultrasound aritfacts | show 🗑
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| show | occurs when the ultrasound beam hits gas or air. because of the large drop in acoustic impedance ( softer tissue/air interface) the entire ultrasound beam is reflected back. a portion bounces off transducer and reenters the patient. It hits
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| Reverberation artifact- dirty shadowing or comet tails | show 🗑
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| show | each parallel line represents the distance between the transducer and the gas interface.
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| Shadowing | show 🗑
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| show | Small objects cast an acoustic shadow only if the are within the focal zone or narrow portion of the ultrasound beam.
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| show | if the beam passes through an area with few tissue interfaces ( low attenuation region) the emerging beam will have greater intensity that would be expected and will be brighter or more echogenic distal to the nonattenuating structure.
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|
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| show | EX; normal gallbladder surrounded by hepatic parenchyma. liver tissue distal or deep to the gallbladder appears brighter than adjacent hepatic tissue. this artifact is seen deep to fluid filled structures .
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| Refraction or edge artifact | show 🗑
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| show | helpful in identifying smooth round structures like early pregnancy vesicles.
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| show | the ultrasound machine places an image on the viewing screen as a function of the time it took the echo to return. if the sound wave reverberates within a highly echogenic
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| show | structure before returning to the transducer, the image will be duplicated on the screen distal to the original image. most common is ad duplication of the gallbladder in mirror image o the other side of the diaphragm
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| Slice thickness artifact | show 🗑
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| Slice thickness artifact | show 🗑
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| the ultrasound examination | show 🗑
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| the ultrasound examination | show 🗑
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| the ultrasound examination | show 🗑
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| Ranking from least to most echogenic | show 🗑
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| show | currently vet therapeutic nuclear medicine involves the administration of radioactive iodine( 131 I) for the treatment of hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors. it doesn't generate visual images, but detects physiologic, pharmacological and kinetic
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|
||||
| show | data from the patient in image or numeric data form. common use is for bone scanning for detection of tumor metastasis to bone. scanning for pulmonary embolism. renal scanning for kidney perfusion, thyroid scanning. also hepatobiliary
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|
||||
| show | scanning, brain scanning, labeled white blood cell scanning for detection of occult infection, lymphoscintigraphy, nuclear angiography.
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|
||||
| show | agent used radionuclide is technetium 99m. ( 99mTc) available from a disposable technetium generator. administered in ionic form as 99mTcO4 (pertechnetate) or is bound to a specific organ localizing pharmaceutical agent before given
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| electromagnetic radiation | show 🗑
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| electromagnetic radiation | show 🗑
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||||
| electromagnetic radiation | show 🗑
|
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| electromagnetic radiation | show 🗑
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| electromagnetic radiation | show 🗑
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| Computed Tomography CT scan | show 🗑
|
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| Computed Tomography CT scan | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | resolution, and cross sectional anatomic presentation, all of which eliminate the problem of superimposition of structures. as occurs with radiography
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| Computed Tomography CT scan | show 🗑
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| Computed Tomography CT scan | show 🗑
|
||||
| Computed Tomography CT scan | show 🗑
|
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI | show 🗑
|
||||
| show | anatomic definition and sensitivity to tissue composition difference. better for brain and spinal cord images. disadvantage is it takes much longer time to scan than a CT
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|
||||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI 2 types low field strength and high field strength | show 🗑
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| show | and high magnetic field in an MRI unit is always on. and anything made of ferromagnetic metal in or around the magnet will rapidly and forcefully pull these objects to the magnet. like gas anesthetic machine. oxygen tanks, IV poles,
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|
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI 2 types low field strength and high field strength | show 🗑
|
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI 2 types low field strength and high field strength | show 🗑
|
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