substance-related disorders for psych
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| Substance | any natural or synthesized product that has psychoactive effects (changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors)
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| Psychoactive effects | changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
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| Drug addicts | peole who have problems as a result of taking drugs
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| Substance-related disorder | inability to use a substance in moderation and/or the intentional use of a substance to change one’s thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors, leading to impairment in work, academic, personal, or social endeavors
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| Substance intoxication | experience of significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effect of a substance on the central nervous system
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| Substance withdrawal | experience of clinically significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to the cessation or reduction of substance use
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| Substance abuse | diagnosis given when recurrent substance use leads to significant harmful consequences
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| Substance dependence | diagnosis given when substance use leads to physiological dependence or significant impairment or distress
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| DSM-IV-TR criteria for diagnosing substance abuse | repeated problems as result of use. 1+ during a 12-mo period leading to sig impairment/distress: 1. failure to fulfill obligations 2. repeated use when physically hazardous to 3. repeated legal probs 4. cont'd use despite repeated soc/legal probs
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| Alcohol abuse | using alcohol in dangerous situations, fail to meet important obligations at work/home bc of alcohol use
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| Alcohol dependence | typical have all problems of alcohol abuser + physiological tolerance to ETOH, spend much time intoxicated or withdrawing, organize life around drinking, continue to drink despite having significan problems that result from drinking
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| Binge drinking | consuming 5+ drinks within a couple of hours of each other
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| Delirium tremens (DTs) | sx that result during severe alcohol withdrawal, including hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and disorientation
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| Alcohol-induced persisting amnesic disorder | a permanent cognitive disorder caused by damage to the CNS d/t prolonged ETOH abuse, consisting of Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff’s psychosis
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| Wernicke’s encephalopathy | alcohol-induced permanent cognitive disorder involving mental disorientation, confusion, and possibly coma
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| Korsakoff’s psychosis | alcohol-induced permanent cognitive disorder involving deficiencies in one’s ability to recall both recent and distant events
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| Alcohol-induced dementia | loss of intellectual abilites d/t prolonged alcohol abuse. Includes memory, abstract thinking, judgement, and problem solving. Often accompanied by changes in personality.
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| Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | syndrome that occurs when a mother abuses alcohol during pregnancy, causing the baby to have lowered IQ, increased risk for mental retardation, distractibility, and difficulties with learning from experience
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| Barbiturates and benzodiazepines | drugs that reduce anxiety and insomnia by suppressing the CNS
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| Inhalants | volatime substances that produce chemical vapors which can be inhaled and which depress the CNS
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| Cocaine | a white powder extracted from the coca plant and one of the most highly addictive substances known
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| Amphetamines | stimulant drugs that can produce symptoms of euphoria, self-confidence, alertness, agitation, paranoia, perceptual illusions, and depression
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| Nicotine | alkaloid found in tobacco; operates on both the CNS and PNS resulting in the release DA, NE, ST, and the endogenous opioids
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| Caffeine | stimulates the CNS increasing levels of DA, NE, ST, causes metabolism, body temp, and BP to increase. Sources include coffee, tea, soda, OTC analgesics and cold remedies, weight-loss drugs, and chocolate.
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| Opioids | substances, incl morphine and heroin, that produce euphoria followed by a tranquil state; severe intoication can lead to unconsciousness, coma, and seizures; can cause withdrawal sx of emotional distress, severe nausea, sweating, diarrhea, and fever
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| Hallucinogens | substances, incl LSD, MDMA, and peyote, that produce perceptual illusions and distortions
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| Phenylcyclidine (PCP) fx at low doses | produces euphoria, slowed reaction times, and involuntary movements
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| Phenylcyclidine (PCP) fx at intermediate doses | disorganized thinking, feelings of unreality, and hostility
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| Phenylcyclidine (PCP) fx at high doses | amnesia, analgesia, respiratory problems and changes in body temp
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| Other names for PCP | angel dust, PeaCePill, Hog, Tranq
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| Cannabis | the most widely used illicit substance in the world, it is a substance that causes feelings of well-being, perceptual distortions, and paranoid thinking
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| Disease model of addiction | views alcoholism and other drug addictions as incurable physical diseases
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| Harm-reduction model of treatment | approach to to treating substance use disorders. Views ETOH as normative behavior and focuses education on the immediate risks of the excessive use of alcohol and on the payoffs of moderation
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| Antagonist drugs | block or change the fx of the addictive drug, reducing desire for drug
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| Naltrexone and naloxone | opioid antagonists that block the fx of opioids such as heroin
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| disulfiram (Antabuse) | produces aversive physical reaction to alcohol to encourage abstinence
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| methadone | opioid that is less potent and longer-lasting than heroin; taken by heroin users to decrease their cravings and help cope with negative withdrawal symptoms
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| methadone maintenance programs | treatments for heroin abusers that provide doses of methadone to replace heroin use and that seek eventually to wean addicted people from methadone itself
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| aversive classical conditioning | pairing of alcohol w/ a substance that will interact w/ it to cause n/v in order to make alcohol itself a conditioned stimulus to be avoided
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| covert sensitization therapy | use of imagery to create associations btwn thoughts of ETOH use and thoughts of highly unpleasant consequences
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| cue exposure and response prevention | therapy to reduce relapse among alcoholics by tempting them w/ stimuli that induce cravings to drink while preventing them from actually drinking >>> allowing them to habituate to the cravings and reduce temptation
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| abstinence violation effect | when attempting to abstain from ETOH use and ingests ETOH then endures conflict and guilt by making an internal attribution to explain why he/she drank, thereby making him/her more likely to continue drinking in order to cope w/ the self-blame and guilt
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