Chemistry Vocabulary
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| Chemistry | The science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter changed under different conditions.
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| Organic Chemisty | The study of substances that contain the element carbon.
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| Organic | Means that the material contains both carbon and hydrogen from either natural or synthetic sources.
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| Inorganic Chemistry | The study of substances that do not contain the element carbon.
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| Matter | Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
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| Element | It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity.
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| Atoms | The smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element. Cannot be divided into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means.
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| Molecules | A chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions.
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| Elemental Molecule | A molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element in definite (fixed) proportions.
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| Compound Molecules (compounds) | Chemical combination of two or more atom of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.
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| Physical Properties | Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction. Do not involve a chemical change in the substance.
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| Chemical Properties | Characteristics that can only be determined by chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance.
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| Physical Change | A change in the form or physical properties of a substance, without a chemical reaction or the creation of a new substance.
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| Chemical Change | A change in the chemical composition or makeup of a substance.
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| Oxidation | Refers to a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide.
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| Oxidation-Reduction | AKA Redox, is a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).
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| Oxidizing Agent | A substance that releases oxygen.
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| Reduction | The process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance through a chemical reaction.
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| Exothermic Reactions | A chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat.
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| Combustion | The rapid oxidation of a substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light.
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| Pure Substance | A chemical combination of matter in definite (fixed) proportions.
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| Physical Mixture | A physical combination of matter in any proportions.
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| Solution | A stable physical mixture of two or more substances.
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| Solute | The substance that is dissolved into solution.
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| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution.
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| Miscible | Liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form the solution.
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| Immiscible | Liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions.
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| Suspensions | Unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid.
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| Emulsion | An unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier.
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| Emulsifier | An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend.
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| Surfactants | Substances that allows oil and water to mix, or emulsify.
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| Lipophilie | Having an affinity for an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving).
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| Oil-in-water Emulsion | Oil droplets are emulsified in water
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| Water-in-oil Emulsion | Water droplets are emulsified in oil.
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| Volatile Alcohols | Those that evaporate easily, such as isopropyl alcohol (rubbing) and ethyl alcohol (hairspray and alcoholic drinks).
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| Alkanolamines | Alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products.
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| Ammonia | Ammonium hydroxide and ammonium thioglycolate are examples of these compounds that are used to perform chemical services in a salon.
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| Glycerin | A sweet, colorless, oily substance. It is used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in skin and body creams.
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| Silicones | Special type of oil used in hair conditioners, water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers.
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| Volatile Organic Compounds | Compounds that contain carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile).
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| pH | Abbreviation for possible hydrogen
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| Ion | An atom or molecule that carries an electric charge.
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| Ionization | The separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions.
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| Anion | An ion with a negative electrical charge
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| Cation | An ion with a positive electrical charge.
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| pH Scale | A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a substance.
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| Logarithm | Multiples of ten.
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| Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs) | Examples of acids often used in salons to exfoliate the skin and to help adjust the pH of a lotion or cream
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| Alkalis | AKA bases, owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion.
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