vocab
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| chemistry | is the science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different condition
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| organic chemistry | is the study of substances that contain the element carbon
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| inorganic chemistry | is the study of substances that do not contain the element carbon, but may contain the element hydrogen
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| element | is the simplest form of chemical matter. it cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
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| atoms | are the smallest chemical components (often called particles) of an element
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| molecule | is a chemical combination of two or more atoms in definite (fixed) proportions
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| elemental molecule | a molecule containing two or more atoms of the same element (in this case, oxygen) in definite (fixed) proportions
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| compound molecules | also known as compounds, are a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions
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| physical properties | states of matter
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| states of matter | the three different physical form matter-solid liquid and gas
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| physical properties | are characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not involve a chemical change in the substance
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| chemical properties | are characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance
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| physical changes | is a change in the form or physical properties of a substances without a chemical reaction or the reaction or the creation of a new substance
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| chemical change | is a change in the chemical composition or make up of a new subtsance
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| oxidation | a chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide
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| oxidation reduction | also known as redox is a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidizing (by gaining oxygen)
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| oxidizing agent | is a substance that releases oxygen
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| reduction | is the process through which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substances through a chemical reaction
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| reduction reaction | a chemical reaction in which oxygen is subtracted from or hydrogen is added to a substance
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| exothermic reactions | chemical reactions that releases a significant amount of heat
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| combustion | is the rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by te production of heat and light
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| pure substances | is a chemical combination of matter is definite (fixed) proportions
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| physical mixture | is a physical combination of matter in any proportions
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| solution | is a stable physical mixture of two or more substances
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| solute | is the substance that is dissolved into solution
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| solvent | is the substances that dissolves the solute and makes the solution
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| miscible | liquids are mutually soluble, meaning that they can be mixed together to form stable solutions
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| immiscible | liquids are not capable of being mixed together to form stable solutions
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| suspensions | are unstable physical mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid
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| emulsion | is an unstable physical mixture of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay blended) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier
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| emulsifier | is an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable blend
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| surfactants | are substances that allow oil and water to mix or emulsify
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| lipophilic | having an affinity for or an attraction to fat and oils (oil-loving)
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| oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion | oil droplets are emulsified in water
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| water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion | water droplets are emulsified in oil
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| volatile alcohols | are those that evaporate easily such as isopropyl alcohol (rubbing) and ethyl alcohol (hairspray and alcoholic beverages)
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| alkanolamines | are alkaline substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair products
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| ammonia | is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen
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| glycerin | is a sweet, colorless, oily substances used as a solvent and as a moisturizer in the skin and body creams
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| silicones | are a special type of oil used in hair conditioners water-resistant lubricants for the skin, and nail polish dryers
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| volatile organic compounds (VOCs) | are compounds that contains carbon (organic) and evaporate very easily (volatile)
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| pH | the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen. pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions
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| ion | is an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge
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| ionization | is the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions
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| anion | an ion with a negative electrical charge
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| cation | an ion with a positive electrical charge
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| pH | is a measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a substance
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| acidic solution | a solution that has a pH below 7.0 (neutral)
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| alkaline solution | a solution that has a pH above 7.0 (neutral)
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| logarithm | means multiples of 10
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| alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) | abbreviated AHAs; acids derived from plants (mostly fruit) that are often used to exfoliate the skin
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| thioglycolic | a colorless liquid or white crystals with a strong unpleasant odor that is used in permanent waving solution
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| alkalis | also known as bases, owe their chemical reactivity to the hydroxide ion
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