Patho ch 14
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| Afferent | Toward the center. afferent nerves carry impulses toward the central nervous system
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| Amnesia | loss of memory
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| Anencephaly | Congenital condition where most of the brain and skull are absent
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| Anomalies | An abnormal structure, often congenital
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| Aphasia | Loss of the ability to communicate, speak coherently, or understand speech
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| Athetoid | Involuntary writing movements of the limbs and body
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| Atresia | Blind ended tube: loss of the lumen
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| Aura | A sensation other visual or auditory usually preceding a seizure or migraine headache
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| Bifurcation | The division of a tube or vessel into two channels or branches
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| Choreiform | Involuntary repeated jerking movements of the face and limbs
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| Clonic | Consisting of rapid, alternating contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle
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| Cognitive | Intellectual abilities such as memory, thinking, problem-solving judgment, initiative
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| Coma | An unconscious state where the person cannot be aroused
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| Contralateral | Opposite side of the body
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| Disorientation | Mental confusion with inadequate or incorrect awareness of time, place and person
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| Efferent | Moving away from the center or efferent nerve fibres carry motor impulses to muscles
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| Fissure | A crack or split in the surface of skin or mucous membrane
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| Flaccid | Lack of tone in muscle or weakness and softness
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| Foramina | An opening in bone or membrane
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| Fulminant | Rapid, severe uncontrolled progression of disease or infection
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| Ganglion | A collection of nerve cell bodies, usually outside the central nervous system
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| Hyperreflexia | Excessive reflex responses
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| Ipsilateral | Same side of the body
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| Labile | Unstable, changing
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| Nuchal rigidity | Stiff neck, often associated with meningitis or brain hemorrhage
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| Paresis | Muscle weakness or mild paralysis
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| Paresthesia | Abnormal sensations
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| Photophobia | Increased sensitivity of the eyes to light
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| Precursor | A substance that can be used to form other materials
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| Pressoreceptors | Pressure receptors
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| Prodromal | The initial period in the development of disease before acute symptoms occur
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| Ptosis | Drooping eyelid
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| Scotoma | A defect in the visual field
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| Spastic | Strong involuntary muscle contractions
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| Stuper | A state of extreme lethargy, unawareness and unresponsiveness
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| Transillumination | The passage of light through a structure to determine if an abnormality is present
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| broca's area | area in left frontal lobe in which the output of words, both written and verbal is coordinated
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| catecholamine-O-methyltransferase inhibitors | anticholinergic drugs
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| infratentorial | lesion located below the brainstem or below the tentorum
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| paralysis | inability to move
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| postictal | deep sleep often following a seizure
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| retina | cells that receive visual stimulus
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| sulcus | groove in the brain
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| supratentorial | occurs in the cerebral hemispheres above the tentorum cerebelli
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| sutures | immovable joints consisting of fibrous tissue
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| tetraplegia | paralysis of all four extremities
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| tonic | extension of limbs and rigidity of the trunk during a seizure
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| wernicke's area | center of the brain that comprehends written and spoken language
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| clonic | alternating contraction and relaxation of muscles during a seizure
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| Dementia | Progressive chronic disease that impairs cognition, judgment and motor coordination
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| Aphasia | Inability to comprehend or express language
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| Increased intercranial pressure | Any excess influence such as blood or accident, or any additional mass causing an increase in pressure in the brain
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| Transient ischemic attack | Temporary localized reduction of blood flow in the brain
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| Cerebral vascular accident | infarction of brain tissue resulting from a lack of blood
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| Cerebral aneurysm | Localized dilation in an artery inside the brain
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| Meningitis | Infection, usually bacterial affecting the meninges in the brain
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| Brain abcess | Localized infection, frequently occurring in the frontal or temporal lobes
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| Encephalitis | Infection of the parenchymal or connective tissue of the brain
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| Shingles | Exacerbation of a latent viral infection affecting one cranial nerve or one dermatome
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| Rheyes syndrome | Pathological changes in the brain and liver linked to a recent viral infection in children
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| Spina bifida | Group of neural tube defects with varying severity
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| Multiple sclerosis | Disease characterized by progressive demilination of nerves in the brain, spinal cord and cranial nerves
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| Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (Lou gherig) | Progressive degenerative disease affecting upper motor neurons in the cerebral cortex and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord
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| Myesthenia gravis | Auto immune disorder that impairs receptors for acetylcholine at the neuro muscular Junction
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| Huntington disease | Inherited disorder with progressive atrophy of the brain With degeneration of neurons particularly in the basal ganglia and frontal cortex
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| Alzheimers | Type of dimentia that impairs intellectual function, personality, behavior and judgment and is characterized by Beta amyloid protein plaques
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| Hydrocephalus | Excessive cerebral spinal accumulation in the skull compressing brain tissue and blood vessels
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| Parkinson disease | Progressive degenerative disorder affecting motor function because of loss of extra pyramidal activity
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| dementia | caused by vascular disease such as atherosclerosis, infections, toxins or genetic disorders
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| aphasia | caused by damage to wernicke area or to brocca aea or both
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| increased intercranial pressure | caused by any increase in fluid such as blood, inflammatory exudate or a mass such as a tumor
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| transient ischemic attack | caused by a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain
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| cerebral vascular accident | caused by diabetes, hypertension, lupus, increased cholesterol, atherosclerosis, history of TIA's, age, obstructive sleep apnea or heart disease
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| meningitis | caused by a bacterial or viral infection affecting the coverings of brain and spinal cord
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| brain abcess | caused by a spread of an organism from the ear, throat, sinuses or septic emboli
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| encephalitis | usually caused by a vector borne viral infection
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| shingles | caused by a latent infection of the varicella virus
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| reyes syndrome | cause not fully determined but linked to viral infection in children treated with aspirin
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| spina bifida | cause can be multifactorial, environmental or genetic factors
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| multiple sclerosis | cause is not fully determined with possible genetic, immunologic and environmental factors
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| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | unknown cause with a possible genetic component
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| myesthenia gravis | cause thought to be autoimmune
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| huntington | caused by autosomal dominant genetic disorder
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| alzheimers | specific cause is unknown but related to formation of beta amyloid protein plaques
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| hydrocephalus | caused by developmental abnormalities
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| parkinsons | cause may be idiopathic, viral, toxins, encephalitis, trauma, vascular disease or medication induced
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| dementia | symptoms include progressive cognitive impairment, short term memory loss, behavior and personality changes
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| expressive aphasia | symptoms include inability to write or speak
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| receptive aphasia | symptoms include the inability to understand speach or the written word
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| global aphasia | inability to speak or understand language
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| increased intracranial pressure | signs include decreased level of consciousness, headache, vomiting, increased blood pressure, increased pulse pressure, decreased heart rate, papiledema, fixed and dilated pupils
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| transient ischemic attack | signs include the patient remains conscious with intermittent episodes of impaired function related to the location of the ischemia. ex: muscle weakness, arm or leg paralysis or visual disturbances
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| cerebral vascular accident | signs depend on the size of the obstruction, location and functional area affected. Can include sudden weakness, numbness or tingling in arm, leg or one side of the body, sudden loss of vision, severe headache or dizziness
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| cerebral aneurysm | signs may include visual disturbances, headache, photophobia, intermittent confusion, slurred speech, weakness, nuchal rigidity, loss of consciousness or death
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| meningitis | signs include sudden onset severe headache, back pain, photophobia, nuchal rigidity, kernig sign, brudzinski sign, rose colored petechial rash, feeding problems, irritability, high pitched cry an bulging fontanels in an infant
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| brain abcess | insidious onset with focal signs indicating neurologic deficits and increased intracranial pressure
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| encephalitis | signs include severe headache, stiff neck, lethargy, vomiting, seizure and fever
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| shingles | pain, paresthesias, vesicular rash that develops in a line unilaterally on the face or in the path of a lumbar nerve
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| reyes syndrome | symptoms include lethargy, headache, vomiting, disorientation, hyperreflexia, hyperventilation, seizure, stupor and coma
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| spina bifida | symptoms include failure of the spinous process of the vertebra to fuse. May result in the herniation of the meninges or spinal cord
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| multiple sclerosis | symptoms depend on areas of demylination in each individual but may include visual disturbances, weakness, paralysis, chronic fatigue and sensory deficits
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| amyotropic lateral sclerosis | symptoms include upper extremity weakness, muscle atrophy, loss of coordination, progressive weakness and paralysis progressing to impaired swallowing and respiration
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| myesthenia gravis | symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness in the face and eyes that progresses upwards to the trunk with possible respiratory ipairment.
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| Huntington | symptoms include mood swings, personality changes, choreiform (rapid jerky movements of the arm and face, progressive movement impairment and dementia
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| alzheimer | insidious progression over 10 to 20 years, loss of memory, cognitive problems, difficulty with activities of daily living, unable to recognize family and incontinence
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| hydrocephalus | symptoms include an enlarged head in an infant, dilated scalp veins, sunset sign, difficulty feeding, high pitched cry and signs of increased intracranial pressure
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| parkinson | symptoms include fatigue, muscle weakness, decreased facial expression, muscle tremors, bradykinesthia, stooped posture and propulsive gait
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