Test Review
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| show | Branch of psychology that systematically focuses on the physical, mental, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle
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| show | Research that focuses on the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring
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| show | Nature and Nurture, Stability and Change, and Continuity and Stages
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| Three Major Concern Example | show 🗑
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| show | Sperm Cells begins later in life compared to Egg Cells, boys first begin during puberty, human sperm cells are smaller then egg cells
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| Zygote | show 🗑
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| Zygote Example | show 🗑
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| Embryo | show 🗑
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| show | Hearts begins to beat during the embryonic period of prenatal development
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| show | Developing human organism from 9 weeks till birth
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| show | Human like features start to develop around 9 weeks after conception
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| show | Harmful chemicals or viruses that can be transferred from a mother to her developing fetus, can cross the placental border and harm an unborn child
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| Risk for Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | show 🗑
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| show | Pregnant rats drink alcohol their offspring display liking for the smell for the odor of alcohol.
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| Drug Addiction While Pregnant | show 🗑
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| Smoking During Pregnancy | show 🗑
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| show | A baby's tendency to open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek
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| show | A newborn reflex that involves the steps of tonguing, swallowing, and breathing
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| show | Decreased responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure, to test newborns can visually discriminate between various shapes and color this is used. Research indicates 4 month year old possess visual memory capabilities
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| show | A baby is startled by a telephone ring, but with each subsequent ring they seem less reactive
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| show | Have been discovered by assessing infants' habituation. Displays that babies like adults, focus on the face rather than the body first when viewing images
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| Novelty-Preference Procedure Example | show 🗑
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| show | Typically prefer their mother's voice because they become familiar with their mother's voice when they are born. 3 week old babies can distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. Babies can distinguish mother breast gauze
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| show | Immaturity of an infant's nervous system is demonstrated by its limited neural networks, from age 3 to 6 the brain's neural networks sprout most rapidly in frontal lobes,
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| show | The association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their neural networks
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| Process of Pruning | show 🗑
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| Maturation | show 🗑
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| Maturation Example | show 🗑
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| show | Poor memory of early life results from a baby's lack of relative maturation. The lack of neural interconnections in the association areas at the time of birth contributes to infantile amnersia
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| show | Young children also do not possess the language skills for organizing their early life experiences
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| Maturation and Infant Memory Example | show 🗑
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| Jean Piaget | show 🗑
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| show | A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. People's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences
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| show | Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas. This involves interpreting new experiences in terms of one's current understanding
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| Accommodation | show 🗑
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| Accommodation Example | show 🗑
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| Sensorimotor Stage (Age 0-2) | show 🗑
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| Preoperational Stage (Age 2-7) | show 🗑
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| show | Acquire mental operations needed to comprehend such things as mathematical transformations and conservation. Think logically about events first develops, unlikely to think hypothetically
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| Concrete Operational Stage Example | show 🗑
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| Formal Operational Stage (Age 12-Adulthood) | show 🗑
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| Object Permanence | show 🗑
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| show | The difficulty perceiving things from another person's point-of-view. Cognitively limited
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| show | A tendency to exaggerate the extent to which our own opinions are share by others
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| show | The principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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| Piaget's Theory and Current Thinking | show 🗑
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| Piaget's Theory and Current Thinking Example | show 🗑
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| show | Young children's egocentrism
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| show | Children's ability to infer other people's intentions and feelings
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| Theory of Mind example | show 🗑
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| show | A disorder characterized by deficient social interaction and impaired theory of mind, Simon Baron-Cohen has proposed that autism is indicative of an inborn male systemizing tendency
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| show | Men over 40 have a higher frequency of fathering a child with autism than do men under 30 because they have a higher frequency of random genetic mutations in their sperm-producing cells
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| show | Recognizing whether someone's facial expression is conveying a happy smile or a self-satisfied smirk hard for people with autism. People with autism exhibit less motor neuron activity when watching other hand movements
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| show | He underestimated the continuity of cognitive development.
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| Reflecting on Piaget's Theory Example | show 🗑
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| Lev Vygotsky | show 🗑
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| show | At about 8 months, children become increasingly likely to react to newcomers with tears and distress. The acquisition of a sense of object permanence is most closely associated with stranger anxiety. Infants cannot assimilate new faces to their schemas
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| show | The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness with their caregivers. Providing children with a save haven in times of stress contributes directly to secure attachment
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| show | 18 month year old, Justin follows his mother around the house, clinging tightly to her when he is frightened
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| show | Raised with artificial mothers suggest that mother-infant bonds result primarily from mothers providing infants with body contact. Monkeys prefer a non nourishing cloth mother over a wire nourishing mother
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| show | Body contact promotes attachment. Placed in strange situation without their artificial mother, infant monkeys demonstrated signs of insecure attachments
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| show | A phase in where certain events have a particularly strong impact on development
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| Imprinting Period | show 🗑
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| show | A duckling demonstrates attachment to a bouncing ball
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| show | Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people is fostered by this
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| show | Is important for the development of attachment bonds between human infants and their mothers
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| show | They do not have this for mother-infant attachments
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| show | Marked by distress, when separated from caregivers, but assured caregivers will return. Feel secure and able to depend on adult caregivers. Responsive parenting contributes most positively to the development of this.
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| Secure Attachment Example | show 🗑
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| Ambivalent Attachment | show 🗑
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| Ambivalent Attachment Example | show 🗑
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| show | Avoid caregivers. Might not reject attention from a parent, but does not seek out comfort or contact
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| Disorganized Attachment | show 🗑
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| show | 65%. Secure, Explorative Happy. Quick,sensitive, consistent. Believes and trusts that his/her needs will be met
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| Avoidant Attachment Description | show 🗑
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| Ambivalent Attachment Description | show 🗑
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| show | 10-15%. Depressed, angry completely passive, non responsive. Extreme erratic Frightened or frightening, passive or intrusive. Severely confused with no strategy to have his/her needs met
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| Young children with divorced or unmarried parents | show 🗑
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| Mother feed their children when they show signs of hunger, while some fail to meet demands of the baby this causes | show 🗑
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| show | are likely to show signs of insecure attachment
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| Infant temperament | show 🗑
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| Temperament | show 🗑
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| Temperament Analogy | show 🗑
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| Temperament Example | show 🗑
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| show | Children of responsive parenting develop secure and form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world. Securely attached people exhibit less fear of failure.
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| Responsiveness and Attachment Example | show 🗑
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| show | Monkeys in total isolation became incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity. Have been observed to become very fearful or aggressive when brought into close monkeys the same age
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| show | That are repeatedly threatened and attacked while young grow up to be cowards when caged with same-sized hamsters. They attacked hamsters suffered long-term changes in brain chemistry
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| Research on most abusive parents | show 🗑
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| show | Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of an early and secure attachment to her own parents
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| Severe and Prolonged Sexual Abuse | show 🗑
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| show | Foster care that moves children around through a series of foster families is most likely to result in this.
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| Disruption of Attachment Part Two | show 🗑
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| Family Poverty | show 🗑
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| Problem Behaviors | show 🗑
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| show | A typical 6 month year old baby looks into the mirror they are likely to reach it thinking it is another baby. Child must have self concept to recognize its face
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| Self-Concept Example | show 🗑
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| show | No differences in self-esteem scores of children who are adoptees rather than non-adoptees. Compared with others their own age children who from a positive self-concept are more likely to be sociable
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| Permissive Parent | show 🗑
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| show | Is highly supportive and closely monitors and sets rules. "I care, and I'll give you freedom you earn; but, for safety-related issues you do as I say
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| Uninvolved Parent | show 🗑
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| show | Sets many rules and closely monitors but offers little support. "You'll do as I say" Rules, Obedience, and Inflexible.
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| show | More responsive, are likely to have children with high self-esteem and self-reliant. Discuss and negotiate familyrules leading their children to be self-reliant
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| show | The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow. Give reasons for the rules and invite their teenagers to join discussions when new rules are being made
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| show | That influences child behavior. Children raised in the same family are not especially likely to have similar personalities, we should be cautious about attributing personality to parental influences
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| show | Parent's child-rearing practices we should not blame parents for our own dysfunctional characteristics.
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| Peer Influence | show 🗑
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| show | That our sensitivity to our peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of human mating.
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| show | In comparison to parental influence, peer influence is more likely to affect a child's English accent.
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| Parents in Westernized Cultures are more likely rather than parents in Asian Cultures | show 🗑
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| Compared with Asian and African parents | show 🗑
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| show | To encourage children to participate in household activities
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| show | Children in many Asian cultures grow up with a strong sense of social connectdness
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| Compared with men | show 🗑
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| Compared with the average man | show 🗑
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| show | men are less likely than women to smile at others
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| Globally | show 🗑
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| Men and Women | show 🗑
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| More men then women | show 🗑
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| The gender gap in aggression is least likely to pertain | show 🗑
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| show | are greatest in cultures characterized by gender inequality
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| show | suggests that males are less likely than females to demonstrate social modesty
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| show | women are more likely to talk with others to explore relationships and show obvious signs of interdependence
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| Compared with males | show 🗑
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| show | to "tend and befriend"
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| show | exert one of their earliest influences on brain organization.
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| show | Female children will act like tomboys, receiving extra testosterone during prenatal growth is likely to develop more aggressive behavior patterns than most girls
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| show | As these children may be treated more like boys because they frequently look masculine
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| Gender Role | show 🗑
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| Gender Role Example | show 🗑
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| Agricultural Societies Gender Roles | show 🗑
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| show | The sense of being male or female
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| show | The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is called gender typing
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| Gender Typing Example | show 🗑
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| Gender Schema | show 🗑
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| Gender Schema Example | show 🗑
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| Experience and Brain Development | show 🗑
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| Experience and Brain Development Example | show 🗑
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| Unused Neural Connections | show 🗑
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| Unused Neural Connections | show 🗑
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| Adolescence | show 🗑
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| Puberty | show 🗑
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| show | The body structures that enable production. Menarche refers to the first menstrual period. A male's first ejaculation usually occurs as a nocturnal emission.
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| show | A woman's ovaries
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| Secondary Sex Characterisitics | show 🗑
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| Secondary Sex Characteristics Example | show 🗑
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| Adolescent Physical Development | show 🗑
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| Adolescent Physical Development Example | show 🗑
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| Adolescent Brain Development | show 🗑
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| The Speed of Neurotransmission | show 🗑
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| show | The ability to think logically about hypothetical situations is indicative of the formal operational stage
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| show | emphasized that children's moral judgments build on their cognitive development. He emphasized that human behavior less selfish as we mature
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| Developing Morality Example | show 🗑
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| show | Morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards. Based on self-interest
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| Pre-Conventional Stage Example | show 🗑
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| show | Morality is based on a desire to uphold the laws of society
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| show | Student doesn't cheat as its against classroom rules
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| Post-Conventional Stage | show 🗑
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| Post-Conventional Stage Example | show 🗑
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| Haidt's Social Intuitionist Theory | show 🗑
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| show | Many people would find it morally wrong repulsive to kill someone by thrusting a knife into his or her body than by shooting him or her with a gun from a distance
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| Character Education Programs | show 🗑
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| Corrupt behavior of many people who served as Nazi concentration camp guards illustrates | show 🗑
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| show | Promotes moral action
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| show | Moral Attitudes
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| show | examined psycho-social development. Believed that the special task of the adolescent is to achieve a sense of identity
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| Committing Oneself | show 🗑
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| The capacity to form close | show 🗑
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| Teens who suffer role confusion | show 🗑
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| show | Apathy about future occupational goals and being fired repeatedly is indicative of role confusion.
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| Adolescents and their parents usually agree on | show 🗑
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| show | indicates that most adolescents like their parents
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| show | most affectionate relationships with their mothers have the most affectionate relationships with their girlfriends
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| show | parents career aspirations, and peers clothing preference
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| show | An elaborate ceremony used to celebrate a person's emergence into adulthood
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| show | A developmental stage between adolescent dependence and responsible adulthood
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| show | begins earlier in life and ends later in life compared with previous centuries
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| show | occurs earlier in life
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| show | Such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during early adulthood
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| show | begins during declining during adulthood
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| Research on older adults | show 🗑
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| Menopause | show 🗑
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| show | An evolutionary explanation on this, is that older women stop having kids so they can better support their grandchildren. African infants higher chance of survival with a grandmother without own children
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| show | As men progress through middle adulthood they experience this and a decline in testosterone level
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| show | That the symptoms of physiological degeneration that accompany old age in humans are a genetically predisposed outcome
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| show | Aging cells die without being replaced due to a shortening of telomeres
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| Death Deferral Phenomenon | show 🗑
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| Research on people aged 65 and over | show 🗑
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| show | Their disease fighting immune systems become more effective in resisting upper respiratory flu than in resisting pneumonia
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| show | Outperform the opposing group because of age-related differences in information-processing speed
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| show | During late adulthood stimulate improvement in memory
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| As people progress through late adulthood | show 🗑
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| show | Helps maintain the telomeres protecting the ends of chromosomes
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| show | The deterioration of memory and thinking caused by aliments such as Alzheimer's disease or a series of small strokes
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| show | An irreversible brain disorder marked by a deterioration of one's normal reasoning and memory skills. Involves deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine.
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| show | An early sign of Alzheimer's disease would be difficulty in naming familiar objects or people.
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| Alzheimer's disease Example | show 🗑
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| As adults grow older | show 🗑
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| show | Older adults tend to name events that occurred when they were between 10 and 30 years of age
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| When adults from different ages are tested for words that were recently learned | show 🗑
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| show | Different age groups are tested at the same time.
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| Cross-Sectional Study Example | show 🗑
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| show | A research method where the same people are retested over a period of years. The idea that adult intelligence declines with age has been challenged most effectively by this study.
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| show | This research indicates that early and middle adulthood, aging is associated with stable levels of intelligence
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| Crystallized Intelligence | show 🗑
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| Crystallized Intelligence Example | show 🗑
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| show | A person's ability to reason speedily and abstractly. Formal operational thought is most similar to this.
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| show | Best work of scientists is produced in early adulthood when fluid intelligence is highest. 55 year old test scores on abstract reasoning would be less then if they did it when they were 25
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| show | A decrease in mental ability that accompanies the approach of death
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| Level of emotional instability | show 🗑
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| show | In their early forties than in their early twenties
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| Adults are less likely to commit suicide | show 🗑
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| Identical Twins with similar values and preferences | show 🗑
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| show | The culturally preferred time to leave home, marry, have children, and retire. Those who criticize of adult developmental stages will most likely emphasize this on adult development
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| show | Intimacy and Generativity (Feeling socially useful)
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| show | Strongly suggests that marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce
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| The best predictor of a couple's marital satisfaction | show 🗑
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| When children grow up and leave home | show 🗑
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| show | Age of an adult and their level of life satisfaction
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| Research on people's feelings of satisfaction with their lives indicates | show 🗑
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| show | Their positive and negative moods become less extreme and more enduring
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| The biopsychosocial approach | show 🗑
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| show | The sense of integrity achieved in late adulthood refers to the feeling that one's life has been meaningful
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| show | This is especially severe of a loved one when death becomes their time on the social clock
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| Aftermath of a death of a loved one | show 🗑
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| The Issue of Continuity and Stages | show 🗑
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| Stage Theories of Adult Development | show 🗑
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| The Issue of Stability | show 🗑
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| Personality Traits Comparison with Adults and Children | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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SinthuGotCash