Neuroscience and Behavior - AP Psychology, Chapter 2
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| Frontal lobe | Controls reasoning, speaking, movement, emotions, decision-making, and problem-solving
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| Parietal lobe | Controls movement and orientation as well as deals with the reception of stimuli like touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
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| Temporal lobe | Controls auditory, memory, and speech functions
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| Occipital lobe | Controls vision
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| Right and left hemispheres | Left - more logical
Right - more artistic and better at perceiving emotion
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| Cerebral cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum, includes sensory and motor areas
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| Amygdala | Influences aggression and fear
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| Corpus callosum | Joins the hemispheres and helps in communication
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| Hippocampus | Processes memories and helps with learning
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| Hypothalamus | Chief autonomic nervous system center - directs maintenance activities such as eating/drinking/body temperature, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, linked to emotion
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| Lateral hypothalamus | Causes hunger when stimulated
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| Ventromedial hypothalamus | Causes you to feel full when stimulated
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| Thalamus | The brain's relay station - receives messages from all senses except smell and routes them to the appropriate brain regions
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| Limbic system | Controls basic drives such as those for food and sex (the hypothalamus), fear/agression (the amygdala), and memory (the hippocampus)
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| Gyrus cinguli | Part of the limbic system that lies in the cortex
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| Medulla oblongada | Controls visceral actions like heart/breathing rate and coughing
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| Pons | Relays information between the cerebrum and cerebellum, helps control breathing
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| Brainstem | Includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongada, connects the brain to the spinal cord
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| Reticular formation (RAS) | Filters incoming stimuli and relays important information - also deals with arousal
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| Cerebellum | Controls balance, posture, and smooth/coordinated motion
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| Motor cortex | Arched region that causes movement
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| Sensory cortex | Region that receives sensory information
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| Association areas | Integrate information and associate input with memories - don't produce any observable response when stimulated
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| Broca's area | Controls speech muscles
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| Wernicke's area | Controls language reception
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| Aphasia | Language impairment, usually caused by damage to Broca's area or Wernicke's area
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| Plasticity | The ability of the brain to make new connections/modify itself after damage
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| Neurogenesis | The process through which neurons are generated, mostly during pre-natal development
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| Angular gyrus | Transforms written words into an auditory code that is received and understood in Wernicke's area
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| EEG | Reads the brain's electric waves of activity
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| CT/CAT scan | Produces a cross-sectional image of the body using x-rays
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| PET scan | Depicts brain activity by showing different areas' consumption of glucose
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| MRI | Images soft tissue through magnetic fields
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| fMRI | Uses MRI technology to show brain functions by depicting blood flow to the brain
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| Neurons | Nerve cells that transmit impulses
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| Glial cells | Cells that nourish, support, and protect neurons
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| Sensory/afferent neurons | Pick up sensory information
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| Motor/efferent neurons | Control muscle contractions, tell the body how to respond to sensory input
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| Interneurons | Carry information between sensory and motor neurons
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| Dendrites | Small branches off the cell body that receive messages and send them to the cell body
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| Axon | The "tail" that generates and transmits a nerve impulse
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| Myelin sheath | Protects and insulated the axon, speeds up messages
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| Terminal buttons | Structures at the end of terminal branches that contain neurotransmitters to carry messages
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| Action potential | An impulse/electrical charge that travels down the axon
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| Threshold/neural firing | When excitatory signals "outvote" inhibitory signals, the threshold is crossed and the neuron fires
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| Synapse/synaptic gap | The space between neurons, where neurotransmitters are exchanged
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| Inhibitory vs. excitatory neurotransmitters | Excitatory signals are like accelerators; inhibitory are like brakes
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| Reuptake | The re-absorption of neurotransmitters by the neuron that secreted them
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| All or none response | A neuron either doesn't fire at all or fires down the complete length of a cell
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| Acetylcholine | Sends motion messages to skeletal muscles and helps in memory (neurons that produce it degenerate in Alzheimer's)
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| Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion (excessive levels are linked to schizophrenia)
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| Endorphins | Natural opiates released in response to exercise and pain
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| GABA | Major inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| Serotonin and SSRI | Affect mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
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| Long-term potentiation | Neurons strengthen connections after repeated firing
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| Neural network | An artificial, mathematical model for processing information based on the human brain
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| Agonist vs. antagonist | Agonist - a chemical that intensifies the actions of a neurotransmitter
Antagonist - a chemical that opposes/blocks the actions of a neurotransmitter
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| Adrenal gland | Releases hormones to increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar to increase energy
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| Cortisol | Hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to stress
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| Hormones | Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream until they reach certain tissues
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| Insulin | Lowers blood glucose, causing hunger signals
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| Pituitary gland | Releases hormones to influence growth and to trigger other endocrine glands to release hormones
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| Thyroid gland | Affects metabolism
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| Central nervous system | Consists of the brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral nervous system | Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
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| Somatic nervous system | Transmits messages for voluntary motion
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| Autonomic nervous system | Transmits messages to involuntary muscles and glands
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| Sympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system, fight-or-flight response
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| Parasympathetic nervous system | Part of the autonomic nervous system, calms you down
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| Opposing tendencies | Many systems have two parts that do opposite things (ex: opponent process theory of color vision, two parts of the autonomic nervous system)
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| Reflex | A message sent from the spinal cord rather than the brain
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| Dual processing | Information in simultaneously processed consciously and subconsciously
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| Phineas Gage | Rod ran through this frontal lobe, he retained his abilities but lost his personality
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| Franz Gall | Founded phrenology, pseudoscience that claimed to be able to determine your intelligence and abilities based on the size and shape of different parts of your skull
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| Egas Moniz | Developed the lobotomy, the removal of the brain's frontal lobe
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