definitions for chapter four AP
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| weak acid | acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solutions
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| weak base | base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solutions.
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| molarity | number of moles of solute per volume of solution in liters
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| standard solution | solution whose concentration is accurately known
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| dilution | process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution
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| precipitation reaction | reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution
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| precipitate | solid that forms in a precipitation reaction
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| formula equation | equation representing a reaction in solution showing reactants and products in undissociated form whether they are strong or weak electrolytes.
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| complete ionic equation | equation shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions
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| spectator ions | ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction
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| net ionic equation | an equation for a reaction in solution, where strong electrolytes are written as ions, shoeing only those components that are directly involved in chemical change
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| acid | substance produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor
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| base | substance that produces hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution; a proton acceptor
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| neutralization reaction | an acid-base reaction
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| volumetric analysis | process involving titration of one solution with another
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| titration | technique in which one solution is used to analyze another.
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| stoichiometric (equivalence) point | point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated.
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| indicator | chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration
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| endpoint | point in a titration at which the indicator changes color
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| oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction | reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred
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| oxidation state | concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction according to certain rules.
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| oxidation | increase in oxidation state (loss of electrons)
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| reduction | decrease in oxidation state (gain of electrons)
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| oxidizing agent (electron acceptor) | reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant
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| reducing agent (electron donor) | reactant that donates electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state of one of its atoms.
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