Chapter 6 - Standard Esthetics
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| The science that deals with the composition,structure and properties of matter with how matter changes under differnet conditions. | chemistry
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| What are the two branches of chemistry? | organic and inorganic
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| The study of substances that contain carbon. | organic chemistry
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| The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain carbon. | inorganic chemistry
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| Metals, minerals, pure water and clean are are examples of what kind of substances? | inorganic
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| Gasloline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers ar all what kind of substance? | organic
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| Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight). | matter
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| Has physical properties that we can touch, taste, smell or see. | matter
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| The simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of intentity. | an element
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| There are about ____ naturlly occuring ________, each with its own distictive physical and chemical properties. | 90; elements
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| Identified by a a letter symbol, such as O for _____, C for _____, and H for _____. | elements; oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
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| The structural units that make up elements. | atoms
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| Particles from which all matter is composed. | atoms
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| The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element. | an atom
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| Atoms consist of which smaller particles? | protons, neutrons and electrons
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| Which particles of the atom have a positive electrical charge? | protons
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| Which particles of the atom have a neutral electrical charge? | neutrons
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| Which particles of the atom have a negative electrical charge? | electrons
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| Formed by joining two or more atoms chemically. | molecules
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| What are the two types of molecules? | elemental molecules and compound molecules
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| Contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically. | elemental molecules
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| The molecule that is made of the same element is called what kind of molecule? | elemental
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| Are chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements that are united chemically. | compound molecules (aka) compounds
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| Name the three physical forms of matter. | solid, liquid or gas
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| The three differnet physical forms of matter are called what? | states of matter
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| The difference in the physical forms of each state of matter depends on what? | temperature
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| Change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance. | physical change
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| These have a definite size (volume) and a definite shape. | solid (state of matter)
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| These have a definite size (volume) but not a definite shape. | liquid (state of matter)
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| These do not have a definite size (volume) or a definite shape. | gases (state of matter)
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| Those characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. (ex: salad, water) | physical change
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| A change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties differnet from the original. (ex: bread, cake) | chemical change
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| These properties include color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point and hardness. | physical properties
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| These properties include iron and burning wood. | chemical properties
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| This chemical reaction creates a chemical change in the identity of the substance. | oxidation
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| The protective lipids and secretions on top of the skin. | acid mantle
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| When an acid is mixed with an alkali, also called a base, in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt. | acid-alkalie neutralization
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| Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, andturn limus paper from blue to red. | acids
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| the gaseous mixture that makes up the earth's atomsphere. | air
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| It is orderless, colorless, and generally consists of 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume. | air
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| Also called bases. | alkalies
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| Have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter and turn litmus paper from red to blue. | alkalies
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| Free radical scavengers, vitamins, and ingredients. | antioxidants
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| Inhibit oxidation. | antioxidants
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| Are used both to help the condition of the skin and to stop the oxidation that causes products to turn rancid and spoil. | antioxidants
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| The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of an element. | atoms
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| Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light. | combustion
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| An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier. | emulsions
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| "Super" oxidixers | free radicals
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| Cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new one of these in the process. | free radicals
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| Are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) ha ving an unpaired number of electrons. | free radicals
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| Are unstable and can damage to DNA, causing inflammation and disease in the body. | free radicals
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| Colorless, orderless, tasteless gas | hydrogen
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| The lightest element known | hydrogen
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| Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen. | hydrogen peroxide
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| A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor an slightly acid taste. | hydrogen peroxide
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| Not capable of being mixed. | immiscible
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| Capable of combining with or attacting water. | hydrophilic
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| Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils. | lipophilic
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| A method of displaying data in multiples of 10. | Logarithmic scale
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| Capable of being mixed withanother liquid in any proportion without separating. | miscible
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| colorless, gaseous element that makes up four-fifths of the air in the atmosphere. | nitrogen
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| Oil droplets disperesed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent. | oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion
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| Chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce oxide. | oxidation
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| A chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom as well as at least one other element. | oxide
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| Describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. | oxidation-reduction (redox)
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| One of the most common types of chemical reactions. | oxidation-reduction (redox)
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| When oxygen is added to a substance, the substance is oxidized, i.e. rust forms when oxygen is added to iron | oxidation-reduction (redox)
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| To combine a cause or substance to combine with oxygen. | oxidize
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| The most abundant element on earth | oxygen
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| Relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance. | pH
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| Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed compositions and in any proportions. | physical mixture
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| Acronym for reduction-oxydation | redox
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| Oxidation and redcution happening at the same time | redox reactions
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| The loss of oxygen from a substance. | reduction
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| A substance that is dissolved by a solvent to forma solution. | solute
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| A uniform mixture of two or more mutally miscible (mix in all proportions) substances. | solutions
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| The solubility of one liquid in another without separating. | miscible
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| A liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution | solvent
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| A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution. | solvent
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| Wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading. | surfactants
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| Surface active agents that reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability. | surfactants
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| Allow oil and water to mix. | surfactants
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| Detergents (cleansers) and emulsifiers | surfactants
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| Most abundant of all substances. | water
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| Comprising about 75% of the earth's surface and about 65% of the human body. | water
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| A common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. | water
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| Droplets of water dispersed in oil. | water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion
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| In a solution, the dissolved substance does not exist as a solid and the two are homogeneously mixed. | suspension
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| Intensive mixing of mutually insoluble substances to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion, for example homogenizing milk so that the cream doesn't separate out | homogenization
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| Substances are said to be _________ if in any proportion, they do not form a solution. | immiscible
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| Complete mirror images of each other, much as one's left and right hands are "the same" but opposite | enantiomer
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| These have a positive charge and identify the atom. | protons
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| These have no charge,are neutral; determine molecular weight. | neuron
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| These are negative and enable atoms to unite and form bonds. | electrons
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