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Basics of Chemistry
Chapter 6 - Standard Esthetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The science that deals with the composition,structure and properties of matter with how matter changes under differnet conditions. | chemistry |
| What are the two branches of chemistry? | organic and inorganic |
| The study of substances that contain carbon. | organic chemistry |
| The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain carbon. | inorganic chemistry |
| Metals, minerals, pure water and clean are are examples of what kind of substances? | inorganic |
| Gasloline, plastics, synthetic fabrics, pesticides, and fertilizers ar all what kind of substance? | organic |
| Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight). | matter |
| Has physical properties that we can touch, taste, smell or see. | matter |
| The simplest form of matter and cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without loss of intentity. | an element |
| There are about ____ naturlly occuring ________, each with its own distictive physical and chemical properties. | 90; elements |
| Identified by a a letter symbol, such as O for _____, C for _____, and H for _____. | elements; oxygen, carbon, hydrogen |
| The structural units that make up elements. | atoms |
| Particles from which all matter is composed. | atoms |
| The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element. | an atom |
| Atoms consist of which smaller particles? | protons, neutrons and electrons |
| Which particles of the atom have a positive electrical charge? | protons |
| Which particles of the atom have a neutral electrical charge? | neutrons |
| Which particles of the atom have a negative electrical charge? | electrons |
| Formed by joining two or more atoms chemically. | molecules |
| What are the two types of molecules? | elemental molecules and compound molecules |
| Contain two or more atoms of the same element that are united chemically. | elemental molecules |
| The molecule that is made of the same element is called what kind of molecule? | elemental |
| Are chemical combinations of two or more atoms of different elements that are united chemically. | compound molecules (aka) compounds |
| Name the three physical forms of matter. | solid, liquid or gas |
| The three differnet physical forms of matter are called what? | states of matter |
| The difference in the physical forms of each state of matter depends on what? | temperature |
| Change in the form or physical properties of a substance without a chemical reaction or the formation of a new substance. | physical change |
| These have a definite size (volume) and a definite shape. | solid (state of matter) |
| These have a definite size (volume) but not a definite shape. | liquid (state of matter) |
| These do not have a definite size (volume) or a definite shape. | gases (state of matter) |
| Those characteristics that can be determined without a chemical reaction and that do not cause a chemical change in the identity of the substance. (ex: salad, water) | physical change |
| A change in the chemical composition of a substance, in which a new substance or substances are formed having properties differnet from the original. (ex: bread, cake) | chemical change |
| These properties include color, odor, weight, density, specific gravity, melting point, boiling point and hardness. | physical properties |
| These properties include iron and burning wood. | chemical properties |
| This chemical reaction creates a chemical change in the identity of the substance. | oxidation |
| The protective lipids and secretions on top of the skin. | acid mantle |
| When an acid is mixed with an alkali, also called a base, in equal proportions to neutralize each other and form water (H2O) and a salt. | acid-alkalie neutralization |
| Substances that have a pH below 7.0, taste sour, andturn limus paper from blue to red. | acids |
| the gaseous mixture that makes up the earth's atomsphere. | air |
| It is orderless, colorless, and generally consists of 1 part oxygen and 4 parts nitrogen by volume. | air |
| Also called bases. | alkalies |
| Have a pH above 7.0, taste bitter and turn litmus paper from red to blue. | alkalies |
| Free radical scavengers, vitamins, and ingredients. | antioxidants |
| Inhibit oxidation. | antioxidants |
| Are used both to help the condition of the skin and to stop the oxidation that causes products to turn rancid and spoil. | antioxidants |
| The smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of an element. | atoms |
| Rapid oxidation of any substance, accompanied by the production of heat and light. | combustion |
| An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united with the aid of an emulsifier. | emulsions |
| "Super" oxidixers | free radicals |
| Cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new one of these in the process. | free radicals |
| Are created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) ha ving an unpaired number of electrons. | free radicals |
| Are unstable and can damage to DNA, causing inflammation and disease in the body. | free radicals |
| Colorless, orderless, tasteless gas | hydrogen |
| The lightest element known | hydrogen |
| Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen. | hydrogen peroxide |
| A colorless liquid with a characteristic odor an slightly acid taste. | hydrogen peroxide |
| Not capable of being mixed. | immiscible |
| Capable of combining with or attacting water. | hydrophilic |
| Having an affinity or attraction to fat and oils. | lipophilic |
| A method of displaying data in multiples of 10. | Logarithmic scale |
| Capable of being mixed withanother liquid in any proportion without separating. | miscible |
| colorless, gaseous element that makes up four-fifths of the air in the atmosphere. | nitrogen |
| Oil droplets disperesed in a water with the aid of an emulsifying agent. | oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion |
| Chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce oxide. | oxidation |
| A chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom as well as at least one other element. | oxide |
| Describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation number (oxidation state) changed. | oxidation-reduction (redox) |
| One of the most common types of chemical reactions. | oxidation-reduction (redox) |
| When oxygen is added to a substance, the substance is oxidized, i.e. rust forms when oxygen is added to iron | oxidation-reduction (redox) |
| To combine a cause or substance to combine with oxygen. | oxidize |
| The most abundant element on earth | oxygen |
| Relative degree of acidity and alkalinity of a substance. | pH |
| Combination of two or more substances united physically, not chemically, without a fixed compositions and in any proportions. | physical mixture |
| Acronym for reduction-oxydation | redox |
| Oxidation and redcution happening at the same time | redox reactions |
| The loss of oxygen from a substance. | reduction |
| A substance that is dissolved by a solvent to forma solution. | solute |
| A uniform mixture of two or more mutally miscible (mix in all proportions) substances. | solutions |
| The solubility of one liquid in another without separating. | miscible |
| A liquid or gas that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution | solvent |
| A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution. | solvent |
| Wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading. | surfactants |
| Surface active agents that reduce surface tension between the skin and the product to increase product spreadability. | surfactants |
| Allow oil and water to mix. | surfactants |
| Detergents (cleansers) and emulsifiers | surfactants |
| Most abundant of all substances. | water |
| Comprising about 75% of the earth's surface and about 65% of the human body. | water |
| A common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. | water |
| Droplets of water dispersed in oil. | water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion |
| In a solution, the dissolved substance does not exist as a solid and the two are homogeneously mixed. | suspension |
| Intensive mixing of mutually insoluble substances to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion, for example homogenizing milk so that the cream doesn't separate out | homogenization |
| Substances are said to be _________ if in any proportion, they do not form a solution. | immiscible |
| Complete mirror images of each other, much as one's left and right hands are "the same" but opposite | enantiomer |
| These have a positive charge and identify the atom. | protons |
| These have no charge,are neutral; determine molecular weight. | neuron |
| These are negative and enable atoms to unite and form bonds. | electrons |
Created by:
heaneyl
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