Chapters 6-8
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| Physical Factors which effect bacterial growth: | pH, temperature, oxygen concentration, moisture, hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure, radiation.
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| Nutritional Factors which effect bacterial growth: | availability of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, trace elements and some vitamins.
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| Who invented the pH scale and why was it first used? | Danish chemist Soren Sorenson, to describe the limits of growth of microorganisms in various media.
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| Optimum pH | The pH at which microorganisms grow best
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| Acidophiles | "acid-loving" organisms, grow best at a pH of 1.0-5.4
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| Neutrophiles | grow best at a pH of 5.4-8.0
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| Alkaliphiles | grow best at a pH of 7.0-11.5
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| The most common bacteria to cause disease in humans is classified as ________________ | Neutrophiles
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| "Buffers" are incorporated into laboratory culture media for what reason? | To help maintain proper pH levels (phosphate salts are a common example)
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| Obligate | Organism MUST have the specified environmental condition.
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| Facultative | Organism is able to ADJUST and tolerate more than one environmental conditions.
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| Psychrophiles | cold-loving organisms. grow optimally in temperatures of 15 to 20 degrees Celsius.
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| Mesophiles | (*Most Bacteria) grow best at temperatures between 25 and 40 degrees Celsius.
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| Thermophiles | heat-loving organisms. grow optimally at temperatures between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius.
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| Many thermophiles can be found where? | In compost heaps and a few (which can tolerate incredibly hot temperatures) in boiling springs.
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| The temperature range at which an organism grows is directly related to the temperatures at which its __________ function. | Enzymes
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| The "minimum growth temperature:" | the lowest temperature at which cells can divide
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| The "maximum growth temperature:" | the highest temperature at which cells can divide
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| The "optimum growth temperature:" | The temperature at which cells divide most rapidly (the strongest generation time)
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| The optimum temperature is typically very (near or far) to/from the maximum temperature. | Near
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| aerobes | require oxygen to grow
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| anaerobes | do not require oxygen to grow
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| capnophiles | Carbon dioxide loving organisms.
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| what substance can kill obligate anaerobes? | superoxide
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| How is super oxide created? | It is formed by oxidative enzymes and converted to molecular oxygen and toxic hydrogen peroxide by an enzyme called superoxide dismutase.
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| Hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and molecular oxygen by what enzyme? | Catalase
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| All actively metabolizing cells generally require what kind of environment? | PlasmolysisWater
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| How long can most vegetative cells survive without moister? | Hours
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| Which organism can survive in a dry environment (no moisture)? | Spores or spore-forming organisms
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| Hydrostatic pressure | pressure exerted by standing water in proportion to its depth.
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| Hydrostatic pressure doubles with every ____m increase in depth. | 10
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| Barophiles | Live at high pressures
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| plasmolysis | shrinkage of the cell
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| Halophiles | Require large amounts of salt to survive
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| The unit of measurement for absorbed doses of radiation | Gray (Gy)
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| Fastidious | Require special nutritional needs that are difficult to obtain in the laboratory
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| Most bacteria use some _____-containing compound as an energy source. | carbon
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| All organisms need ___________ to synthesize enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. | What Nitrogen
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| Microorganisms use phosphorus to synthesize what? | ATP, phospholipids, and nucleic acids
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| How do microorganisms obtain sulfur? | From sulfur salts and sulfur containing amino acids.
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| What are "Trace Elements"? | Tiny traces of copper, iron, zinc, and cobalt.
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| Why do microorganisms require trace elements? | serve as cofactors in enzymatic reactions.
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| Human pathogenic organisms commonly require what substance from their host to survive? | Vitamins
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| nutritional complexity | the number of nutrients an organism requires to grow
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| nutritional complexity reflects a deficiency in __________ enzymes. | biosynthetic
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| Extra-cellular enzymes usually are produced by what? | Gram-positive rods
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| periplasmic enzymes usually are produced by what? | Gram-negative organisms
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| Three ways microorganisms adapt to limited nutrients; | 1. Synthesize increased amounts of enzymes
2. The ability to synthesize enzymes needed to use a different nutrient.
3. Adjusting the rate at which they metabolize nutrients (metabolism and growth slowed down)
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| The enzyme used to break down large carbohydrate molecules into smaller ones: | carbohydrase
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| the enzyme used to break down starch to maltose: | amylase
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| the enzyme used to break down cellulose to cellobiose: | Cellulase
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| The enzyme that breaks down sucrose to glucose and fructose: | sucrase
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| the enzyme that breaks down lactose to glucose and galactose: | Lactase
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| the enzyme that breaks down maltose to two glucose molecules: | Maltase
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| The enzyme that breaks down fats to glycerol and fatty acids: | Lipase
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| The enzyme that breaks down proteins to peptide and amino acids: | Protase
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| The enzyme that breaks down milk protein to amino acids and peptides: | Caseinase
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| The enzyme that breaks down gelatin to amino acids and peptides: | Gelatinase
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| What is quorum sensing? | used by bacteria to regulate gene expression in a cell-density-dependent manner.
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| Bioflims are a result of ___________________ | Quorum Sensing
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| Sporulation | formation of endospores
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| fungal spores are produced in great number and are a form of ___________ | reproduction
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| Can endospores divide? | No
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| How many daughter cells can parent endospore cells produce? | only one
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| The ______ is the living part of the endospore, made up of DNA and RNA. | Core
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| The core of an endospore contains ______ acid and _____ ions. | Dipicolinic acid, and calcium ions
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| An endospore spectum lacks what? | cell wall
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| What grows around the core? | endospore spectum
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| Some endospores have a lipid-protein membrane surrounding the mother cell, called ____________ | exosporium
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| During germination the endospore does what? | returns to its vegetative state, occurring in three stages (1. activation 2. germination proper 3. outgrowth)
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| conida | chains of aerial spores with thick outer walls
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| The proper way to perform pure cultures today: | streak plate method
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| The pour plate method makes use of serial ___________ | dilutions
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| the pour plate method is particularly useful for what type of bacteria? | microaerophiles that cannot tolerate exposure to O2.
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| synthetic medium | one which is created in the laboratory
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| selective medium | encourages the growth of some organisms and discourages the growth of others
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| differential medium | contains a constituent that causes a noticeable change.
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| unlike a selective medium, an enrichment medium does not do what? | discourage growth of other organisms
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| what technique is used to minimize the contamination of cultures? | aseptic technique
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| preserved culture | a culture in which organisms are maintained in a dormant state
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