PHRM 6101
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| What is virology | It's the study of viruses and virus-like agents under the umbrella of microbiology and medicine
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| What is a virus? | sub microscopic entity consisting of a single nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, not both) surrounded by protein coat and capable of replication ONLY WITHIN the living cells of bacteria, animals or plants
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| what is a Virion? | it is the entire virus (protein coat and nucleic acid)
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| simple structure of a virus | perform complex functions (protection of the genome and entry of the virus to the cell)
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| repetitive structure of the virus | generally made up of a very few proteins or proteins which are structurally very similar
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| high level of redundancy of a virus | allows the partial inactivation of some parts of the virion without actually destroying the virions completely. poxvirus is an exception for all these
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| The genomes(sets of genes) may be | - Double or single stranded DNA (dsDNA or ssDNA) - Double or single stranded RNA (dsRNA or ssRNA)
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| The nuclear material of a virsus may be ____ or ____ , single or _____ fragments | linear, circular, multiple
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| What is a capsid | The protein shell that covers the viral genome
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| what are capsomeres | proteins subunits that build capsids
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| What is the most complex capsids that are found in viruses that infect bacteria? | Bacteriophages - They have a protein tail piece with tail fibers that attach to the bacterium
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| What are the types of virus | 1. Helical : capsomeres wrapped around nucleic acid
2. Icosachedral: simplest icosachderal is made of repeating capsomeres to capsulate the DNA and protect it
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| What is a host range | each type of virus can infect and parasitize only a limited range of host cells
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| How do viruses identify host? | using Lock and Key
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| Reproduction in a virus occurs in 2 cycles | ** Lytic cycle : - culminates in the death of the host cell. - Virulent viruses reproduce only by lytic cycle
** Lysogenic cycle : - Replication of viral genome without destroying the host cell. - A temperate virus may reproduce by wither cycle
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| Why do viruses need a host cell. what does it provide it them? | 1. Nucleotides 2. enzymes 3. Ribosomes 4. tRNA 5. Amino acids 6. ATP
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| What are the steps of Virus replication | 1. virus attaches and enters 2. uncoating of virion 3. migration of genome nucleic acid to nucleus. 4. Transcription. 5. Genome replication. 6. Translation of virus mRNAs. 7. Virion assembly. 8. Release of new virus particles
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| dsDNA includes a nucleus while ssRNA does not | Remember the drawing
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| What are Retroviruses | Most complicated .. glycoprotein 120 binds to CD4 receptor .. they release genetic material and enzymes to the host cell .. Genetic material flows in the reverse direction .. RNA template transcribed to DNA(by enzyme reverse transcriptase)
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| What is a provirus | once these viruses are acquired they tend to reoccur throughout a person's life.
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| What is an example of a virus that does not derive it envelope from the plasma membrane? | Herpesvirus derives it from the nuclear membrane
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| Double stranded DNA (dsDNA) | 1. DNA viruses replicates in the nucleus (except poxviruses)
2. DNA --> mRNA --> Capsid
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| Single stranded DNA(ssDNA) | forms a double stranded DNA --> DNA-dependent DNA polymerase ---> undergo replication
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| What are some diseases caused by DNA viruses? | common colds, warts, cold sores, and shingles
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| Where do RNA viruses infect animal cells and replicate? and is there a exception? | in the cytoplasm. Exception: orthomyxoviruses and Retroviruses
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| Single stranded RNA (ssRNA) | * Positive sense serves as mRNA --> synthesis viral proteins
* Negative sense --> synthesis mRNA -->synthesis viral proteins. Bring RNA dependent RNA polymerase
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| double stranded RNA (dsRNA) | * Positive sense RNA serves as mRNA --> synthesis viral proteins
* Negative sense RNA --> makes more (+) RNA --> complete dsRNA --> package into new viruses
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| What are Rivoviruses? | RNA viruses that exclude Retroviruses
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| What are some disease caused by RNA viruses? | Influenza, hepatitis C, West Nile fever and polio
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| Respiratory transmission of virus include | Influenza A virus
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| Faecal-oral transmission | enterovirus (poliovirus)
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| blood borne transmission | Hepatitis B virus and HIV
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| Sexual transmission | HIV
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| animal or insect vectors | Rabies virus
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| What can a virus do to cause a disease | it can destroy the cell following infection . it can induce changes to cellular gene expression .. it may induce changes in the pattern of the immune response by the host
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| explain this: the link between viral infection and symptoms a virus produce is often obscure | - some viruses damage or kill the cell by triggering the release of hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomes - others infect the cell to produce toxins - others have molecular components such as envelope protein that are toxic
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| what are some signals that induce immune response | * production of double stranded RNA --> induce interferon
* expression of viral proteins --> causes activation of T cells, natural killer cells
* Formation of an inclusion body either within the cytoplasm or the nucleus --> visualized under microscope
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| is Papovavirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | dsDNA and it causes papilloma (human warts)
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| is adenovirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | dsDNA .. causes respiratory disease
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| is Herpesvirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause | dsDNA .. causes Herpes simplex I
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| is Poxvirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | dsDNA .. causes small pox, cow pox
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| is Parvovirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssDNA .. causes Roseola
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| Is Reoviruse a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | dsRNA .. causes diarrhea
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| is Picornavirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA .. common cold (rhinovirus) and enteric intestinal virus
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| is Togavirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA ... causes Rubella virus and yellow fever virus
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| is Rhabdovirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA .. causes Rabies
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| is paramyxovirus DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA .. Measels, mumps
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| is Orthomyxovirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA .. influenza virus
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| is Retrovirus a DNA or RNA virus and what does it cause? | ssRNA .. RNA tumor virus
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| What are neuraminidase (NA) and Haemagglutinin (HA)? | they act as antigens which are targets of vaccines
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| Antigenic drift | small mutation and alterations of amino acids, especially in influenza A
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| Antigenic shift | larger variations leading to epidemics and pandemics
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| TRUE/FALSE: RNA polymerase is NOT an error prone enzyme | False .. it is
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| Epstein barr virus causes? | Burkitt's lymphoma
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| human papillomavirus causes? | benign warts and cervical carcinoma
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| Human T cell leukemia causes | Leukemia
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| Hepititis C virus causes | liver carcinoma
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| Are antibiotic effective against viruses? | No they are powerless .. only vaccines
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| What are some drugs that combat viruses by interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis | 1. AZT - interferes with reverse transcriptase of HIV
2. Acyclovir inhibit herpes virus DNA synthesis
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| What are some problems with antivirals ? | * difficulty in identifying virus specific target
* Generation of resistant variants
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