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Study Questions for Section 2

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show the process of detecting a physical stimulus.  
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In contrast to sensation, the term perception is formally defined as the:   show
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show transduction  
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The smallest possible stimulus that can be detected half the time, or the minimum level of stimulus that we can detect is called:   show
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show difference threshold, or just noticeable difference  
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show Weber's Law  
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Aaron puts one toe into the swimming pool and shivers because the water is so cold. He grits his teeth and dives in anyway. After about ten minutes, the temperature of the water seems quite comfortable to him. This example illustrates the principal of:   show
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show the narrow ranger of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum that are visible to the human.  
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The clear membrane that covers the outside of the eye and helps gather and direct incoming light is called the   show
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The ______ thickens or thins to focus incoming light. This process is called ______   show
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show Iris  
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show cornea, iris, lens  
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show the absence of rods or cones tat the point where the optic nerve leaves the eye.  
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show presbyopia, caused by the lens of the eyes losing its flexibility.  
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show cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve.  
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By definition,stimuli that are perceived subliminally are:   show
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How do glasses correct visual problems?   show
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Rods are used for vision in _____ light, and cones are used for vision in _____ light.   show
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Cones are most concentrated in the:   show
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show cones come in three basic varieties: red-sensitive, green-sensitive, or blue-sensitive  
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show afterimages  
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show sound waves  
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Loudness is to ____ as pitch is to ____.   show
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The primary function of the ____ is to catch sound waves and funnel them into the ear canal.   show
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show three tiny bones in the middle ear  
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show oval window  
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The inner ear includes which of the following structures?   show
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show pinna, ear canal, eardrum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells, auditory nerve  
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show Place theory explains how people hear high pitched sounds, while frequency theory explains how people hear low pitched sounds  
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Smell and taste receptors respond to what type of stimulus?   show
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Gustation is to olfaction as ____ is to ____.   show
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show Which part of the brain is thought to regulate the emotional response to odors? the limbic system  
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show chemical substances dissolved in saliva  
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The primary tastes include:   show
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An influential theory for explaining the experience of pain is called the ____ theory of pain, which holds that the sensation of pain is controlled by a series of ____ in the spinal cord.   show
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You are able to maintain your equilibrium and balance because of the:   show
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show Figure-ground relationship  
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In exercise class, your teacher instructs you to close your eyes and touch your toes. Your ability to touch your toes even though you can't see them is due to your ____ sense.   show
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show law of proximity  
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Because of the law of _____, you perceive the following as two groups of O's that are separated by a group of dashes.   show
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The letters on the falshing neon sign actually read: CPEN FOR BUSINESS! What law makes us perceive it as OPEN FOR BUSINESS?   show
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show relative size  
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show accommodation  
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show the process of accommodation requires only one eye  
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show retinal disparity  
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show binocular; monocular  
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the visceral sensory systems involves ____, while the vestibular system involve   show
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show a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that is due to past experiance  
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show behaviorism  
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in psychology the term conditioning refers to   show
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in response to a cold temperature, your body will shiver reflexively. Using Pavlov's terminology, the cold temperature would be termed a(n):   show
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In response to cutting up an onion, airborne irritants released by the onion body will cause your eyes to tear, Using Pavlov's terminologym the tears would be termed a(n):   show
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show an association between two stimuli  
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If you shine a bright light directly into a persons eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the ____   show
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show conditioned stimulus  
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show stimulus generalization  
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dog had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of meat powderm the meat powder Over the course of several trials, the amount of saliva secreted by the dog decreased to zero, indicating that had occurred.   show
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show fear in response to loud clanging sound  
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show intimate physical contact with partner  
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Ever since she foolishly drank too much beer at a rock concert and vomited all over her boyfriend, Ana becomes nauseated at the smell or taste of beer. In this example, the conditioned stimulu is ______ and the conditioned response is ____   show
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show reflexive behaviors; voluntary behaviors  
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show Rewarded behaviors are more likely to be repeated, while unrewarded behaviors are less likely to be repeated  
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Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?   show
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While a primary reinforces derives its reinforcing value ______, conditioned reinforcers derive their reinforcing value _______   show
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Which of the following would be considered a secondary or conditioed reinforcer   show
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show increases; decreases  
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show it consistently follows the operant  
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Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the BEST method for reducing a problem behavior?   show
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show Shaping  
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show sometimes; always  
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show variable ration and variable interval  
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show fixed ratio  
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show fixed interval  
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If exposesure to inescapable and uncontrollable avversive events produces passive behavior, the response of passivity is termed:   show
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show Albert Bandura  
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show addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to removal of an aversive stimulus  
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show Albert Bandura; observational learning  
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show memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory  
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short term memory is often referred to as   show
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show iconic memory; echoic memory  
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As Awais watched Amyee wave fourth of the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded withing a split second. Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading after   show
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show chunking  
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Merely repeating information over and over is called _____ while focusing on the meaning of the information is called ________   show
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show seems to be limitless  
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show One effective strategy for encoding information is maintenance rehearsal  
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show procedural; semantic  
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show episodic memory  
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show declarative memory  
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show retrieval  
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show free recall; cued recall  
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While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first items in the list is called ____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list is called ____   show
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show mood congruence  
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Christopher can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Chris memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called:   show
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which of the following is NOT a possible cause of forgetting described in your text book?   show
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When old memories interfere with a new memory,____ is said to have occurred, and when a new memory interferes with an old memory, ___ is said to have occurred   show
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___ is due to conscious deliberate forgetting as ____ is due to unconcious forgetting   show
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show psychologically threatening feelings, emotions, and memories, especially those from early childhood  
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show retrograde amnesia  
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show Retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia  
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The gradual, physical process of converting new long term memories into stable enduring memory codes is termed:   show
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show going w/o sleep the night before the exam and studying right up until she takes the test  
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The cocktail party effect provides an example of:   show
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Which of the following helps the process of consolidating new memories   show
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